Lecture 4 & 5 Flashcards
What is motivation?
Mental processes emerging from factors within and ouside of individuals
Directs, intensifies and sustaisn behaviour towards achieving.
What relevant outcomes does motivation predict?
- Task performance
- citizenship behaviour
- commitment to orga°
What are the 4 components of motivation?
- Direction
- Intensity
- Persistence
=> Goal
What are the 2 motivation types?
Intrinsic
- (Do it because like it)
Extrinsic / Instrumental
- (Do it because get something out of it)
What are the differences between drives and motives?
Needs VS goals
Innate VS learned
Physiological VS social basis
Activated by deprivation VS environment
Aimed at satiation VS stimulation
What are some early theories on motivation (that had negative / limited view) ?
- Taylor’s Scientific Management
- McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
- Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
- McClelland’s Theory of Needs
Taylor’s Scientific Management
Motivation only comes from incentives for subcomponents of work.
Definition of incentives
a thing that motivates or encourages someone to do something.
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
Managers see employee as either disliking work (X) or self-motivated (Y)
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Satisfaction and dissatisfaction are 2 dimensions that need to be managed separately
- motivators
- hygiene factors
McClelland’s Theory of Needs
Motivation comes from 3 basic needs
- Achievement
- Power
- Affiliation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (5 levels)
Contemporary theories of motivation
Having a degree of control motivates
Achieving something in return for effort motivates
Explain Having a degree of control motivates
Self-determination theory: Autonomy
Self-efficacy theory: Ability
Goal-setting theory: Clear goals
Explain Achieving something in return for effort motivates
Equity theory: I will receive sth in return
Expectancy theory: It will pay off
Is Skinner’s Reinforcement theory, a theory of motivation?
Not really, but of learning
Self-determination theory
People are more motivated when perceive/feel autonomy & freedom
- rewards → suggests → external reasons (not free will) => diminish motivation
- intrinsic motivation VS + extrinsic motivation
Explain autonomy by flexitime
Compressed time (condense days/weeks)
Part-time
Shared time
Explain the flexitime concept
Employees work during common core time period
But discretion in forming total workday from flexible set of hours outside the core
→ provides autonomy + work-life balance
What are the advantages of telecommuting?
Larger labour pool
Higher productivity
Less turnover
Improved morale
Reduced office-space costs
What are the disadvantages of telecommuting?
Less supervision
Difficult to coordinate teamwork
difficult to evaluate non-quantitative performance
May not be noticed for efforts
Social isolation, poor mental health
Self-efficacy theory
People are motivated when they feel able
+ self-efficacy => + persistence
- Train employees
- learning through doing & observation
Locke’s Goal-Setting Theory
- Direction: tell employee what needs to be done
- Intensity: How much effort needed
- Persistence: whether achieved or not
Vroom’s expectancy theory
People are motivated if they expect:
- Expectancy: effort → good appraisal
- Instrumentality: good appraisal → rewards
- Valence: rewards → satisfy personal goals
Social exchange theory
Signalling the norm of reciprocity
- Organizational values + intentions signalled through social exchanges
- Perceptions positive? employee reciprocate → signals commitment
Linked to equity and expectancy theory
What are the different types of rewards? 2:2
- Pay employees
- Variable pay
- Not merit-based
- Recognize employees
- Employee Recognition Program
- Benefits to offer
What are the 2 types of equity?
Internal VS external equity
=> how worth for company and match price market/industry
Ekman’s basic emotions
- 6-7 types (+ contempt)
- Innate & universal
Why are emotions important for work?
What are the 10 ways of understanding emotions in regards to OB?
Explain the relation between emotions, mood and affect
Classic theories of emotions
James-Lange theory
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory
Cannon-bard Theory
James-Lange theory
Stimulus → bodily response interpreted as emotion
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory
Stimulus → bodily response + cognitive evaluation ⇒ (together) emotion
Cannon-bard Theory
Stimulus → bodily-response + emotion (Best evidence base)
Give 9 sources of emotions
Impression management
Goffman: people engage in “impression management” → front stage and backstage (emotional labour)
Ekman: Such emotions sometimes slip
What does Barbara Fredrickson say about positive emotions?
What do positive emotions indicate?
They signal & produce flourishing
The Broaden Hypothesis
Positive emotions broaden cognition
- scope attention + range of thoughts + range action impulses
- adaptive responding
Negative emotions
- Promote specific action tendencies
Explain the Moral Emotions (CAD) model
The Build Hypothesis
Continued positive emotions enable people to build a toolbox
“Undoing” hypothesis
“Positive emotions undo cardiovascular after-effects of negative emotions”
“Bounce-back hypothesis”
Resilience provide buffer after crises, through positive emotions
→ More resources & - depressive symptoms
What did Forgas (2013) show about negative emotions?
- Improve memory
- Reduce judgmental biases + stereotyping
- Increase scepticism + reduce gullibility
- Increase motivation + perseverance
- Increase concern for others / concern
- Increase interpersonal persuasiveness
What are the consequences of chronic stress?
Physiological symptoms: body / health
Psychological symptoms: mood / dissatisfaction / burnout
Behavioural symptoms: eating habits / smoking / productivity
How does stress impact negatively of safety?
Direct impact on unsafe acts → shortcuts / human error
Indirect on well-being → absenteeism / reduced capacity to work
What is the basic concept of stress
Lazarus’ transaction model
Stress is when a person thinks a situation exceeds their resources and endangers their wellbeing.
Stress is a possible state after appraisal.
Persons appraise the environment.
Related to the role of appraisal and coping
Explain primary and secondary appraisal
- Primary:
- Irrelevant
- Threatening
- Positive (challenge)
- “What does this situation mean?”
- Secondary
- change problem + emotional response
- “What can I do about it?”
- change problem + emotional response
What are the critiques on Lazarus’ model?
Physiological responses require appraisal
unclear how environment elicit stress
previous exp change apparaisal process (challenge VS treat)
Define appraisal
an act of assessing something or someone.
What does Hargrove et al (2015) say about Lazarus’ model / Appraisal ?
Stress experiences can be negative and positive
Negative: Threat-appraisal
Positive: Challenge-appraisal
What are the 3 HR interventions to create positive stress?
Primary: Related to challenging employees
Secondary: Aid in copying with challenges
Tertiary: Maximizes effects of eustress
Learned helplessneww
Type of emotion-focused coping in which emotions interfere with adaptive responding produced by inescapable stress.
Mastery orientation
Tendency to attribute demands based on self-efficacy
Evolution of stress models
Job Demands-Resources Model (Bakker & Demerouti)
- Work environments can be characterized by:
- job demands
- resources
- 2 processes occurring at same time:
- health impairment process
- motivational process
- Job demands * resources = stress / employee well-being
Explain the reducing of stress through job crafting
