Lecture 4

Question 1

Pre-Contact Health of Indigenous Populations: Common ailments included

Answer 1

pyhorrea (disease of the gums), arthritis, venereal disease, broken bones.

Question 2

Pre-Contact Health of Indigenous Populations: Indigenous people were well adapted

Answer 2

by cultural and biological means to deal with these types of ailments.

Question 3

Pre-Contact Health of Indigenous Populations: They used plants

Answer 3

and herbs as medicines. In fact, many modern drugs are derived from these herbs and plants.

Question 4

Pre-Contact Health of Indigenous Populations: Healers had

Answer 4

special status in traditional communities and knew how to care for the sick.

Question 5

Pre-Contact Health of Indigenous Populations: Indigenous people lived

Answer 5

lived relatively healthy lives and did not suffer from infectious disease

Question 6

Pre-Contact Health of Indigenous Populations: Women were

Answer 6

valued and held leadership roles,children were raised according to the values of the sacred circle,and resource-rich environments provided abundant, healthy food.

Question 7

Henry Dobbyns wrote: “Aside from venereal disease,

Answer 7

almost the only biological weapons Natives possessed were severe forms of intestinal parasites and this absence of lethal pathogens allowed Native peoples to live in almost a paradise of well-being.”

Question 8

Indigenous lifestyles were

Answer 8

dependent on and by necessity were in harmony with the environment and other species.

Question 9

Populations adapted to environmental change

Answer 9

and migrated when necessary.

Question 10

Colonization

Answer 10

refers to the establishment of a colony in an area, or the spreading of a species into a new habitat, there are a number or practices that are associated with the act.

Question 11

Settler colonialism

Answer 11

1. Settlers intend to permanently occupy, and assert their control, over Indigenous lands.
2. This invasion is structural rather than a single event.
3. The goal is to eliminate colonial difference by eliminating Indigenous peoples, thereby establishing settler right to Indigenous lands.

Question 12

Colonization practice

Answer 12

War, displacement, forced labour, removal of children, relocation, ecological destruction, massacres, genocide, slavery, spread of deadly disease, banning of languages, marriage regulations, assimilation, and eradication of social, cultural and spiritual practices

Question 13

Colonization finds a middle ground between

Answer 13

extermination and exploitation

Question 14

Prior to European settlement in North America,

Answer 14

all First Nations governed themselves.

Question 15

Although there were differences among the nations, there was a few common threads connecting them;

Answer 15

one of those threads being the belief that the land belonged to everyone, and no one person or group could claim ownership.

Question 16

There is evidence that increases in the consumption of

Answer 16

“saturated fats, sugars and starches, refined salts, alcohol, and caffeine” have contributed to health and social problems.

Question 16

Land displacement and land ownership

Answer 16

was the first step toward European colonization

Question 17

In addition to a loss of cultural knowledge about available foods and medicines, substance use has resulted

Answer 17

in family violence, loss of parenting knowledge between generations, as well as physical and mental health problems

Question 18

4 contributors to the spread of infectious disease

Answer 18

1. Large, sedentary populations
2. Over-crowding and poor hygiene
3. Poor nutrition
4. Close contact with animals (they are reservoirs for microorganisms)

Question 19

However, a census estimate of the size of the Indigenous population in Canada in 1871 places the number at

Answer 19

102, 000

Question 20

During 200 to 300 years of contact, diseases such as

Answer 20

smallpox, tuberculosis, influenza, scarlet fever and measles reduced the population drastically.

Question 21

It would take more than ____ years — until the early _____s — before the size of the Indigenous population again reached the 500,000 mark.

Answer 21

100; 1980

Question 22

Almost 50% of off-reserve Indigenous children under the age of six live

Answer 22

in low income families, compared to 18% of non-Indigenous children and 57% of Indigenous children that live in large urban centres are living in low-income families

Question 23

These inequities in Indigenous populations are due to

Answer 23

the inability to cage the overarching effects of these policies on families experiencing intergenerational trauma, and individuals dealing with discrimination and racism, two factors that increase the impact of the other traumas.