Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CHEM201 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is false regarding glucose?
a) is a ketopentose
b) most glucose in the body is beta-D-glucose (64%)
c) is a reducing sugar
d) is a carbohydrate

A

a) ketopentose bc it is actually a aldohexose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are non-reducing sugars? why are they non reducing?

A

sucrose, no free ketone or aldehyde to reduce other substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is benedicts reaction used for?

A

used to measure reducing substances (if glucose was present, it would be pos)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

would sucrose be positive using clinitest tablets?

A

no because it is non reducing and the rxn is not accessible to copper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what common condition is linked to a deficiency in one of the enzymes involved in carb metabolism?

A

lactose intolerance; where you lack the enzyme to breakdown lactose sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what common condition is linked to a deficiency in one of the hormones involved in carb metabolism?

A

diabetes mellitus –> insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which organ helps decide the outcomes from cellular level glucose metabolism

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose into pyruvate or lactate for energy production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

glycogenesis

A

conversion of glucose to glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does glucose get converted to glycogen

A

glucose –> G-6-P –> G-1-P –> glycogen synthase by liver + muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the storage form of glucose? where is it stored?

A

glycogen; liver and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

formation of G-6-P from non carb sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

PC

A

post cibum; non fasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

AC

A

ante cibum; fasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

blood glucose

A

measurement of glucose in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F serum or whole blood can be used to measure blood glucose

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a reducing substance?

A

any substance capable of reacting in an redox rxn as the oxidized chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

mellituria

A

presence of any sugar in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

glucosuria

A

presence of glucose in the urine (sometimes called dextosuria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

FBS

A

fasting blood sugar, usually 8-12 hr fast

22
Q

FPG

A

fasting plasma glucose

23
Q

hypoglycemia

A

condition where blood glucose levels drop too low

24
Q

hyperglycemia

A

condition where glucose levels are higher than normal

25
Q

T/F symptoms such as thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue are related to hypoglycemia

A

F, it is from hyperglycemia bc body wants the extra sugar out

26
Q

glucose tolerance

A

how the body responds to a measured intake of glucose

27
Q

renal threshold

A

quantity at which the kidneys spill sugar into the urine

28
Q

what is the renal threshold for glucose?

A

7.7-9.9mmol/L

29
Q

what are factors that affect glucose metabolism?

A
  1. absorption issue
  2. hormones
  3. liver disease
  4. metabolic rate
30
Q

how does insulin work in glucose metabolism?

A
  • hypoglycemic agent
  • decreases glucose levels
  • pancreas, B cells!
  • controls glucose entry into cells
31
Q

how does glucagon work in glucose metabolism?

A
  • hyperglycemic agent
  • increases glucose levels
  • alpha cells
  • # 2 player if energy is needed
32
Q

cushings syndrom

A
  • hyperadrenal function
  • may lead to hyperglycemia
33
Q

addisons syndrome

A
  • hypoadrenal function
  • may lead to hypoglycemia
34
Q

how do diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus differ?

A

DM: patients insulin is causing it
DI: ADH not insulin

35
Q

what are the classifications of DM?

A

type I - IDDM
type II - NIDDM
gestational diabetes - GDM

36
Q

which is false regarding type I DM?
a) result of beta cell destruction
b) prone to ketoacidosis
c) ~90% of cases
d) onset is usually quick

A

c) 90% of cases

(only 5-10%)

37
Q

why are type I DM prone to ketoacidosis?

A

body starts to use fat for energy instead of glucose, produces ketones which are acidid and alter blood pH

38
Q

which of the following is false regarding type II DM?
a) can deal with for years and not know
b) B cells do not work properly
c) can be due to insulin resistance or insulin secretion deficiency
d) can use lifestyle changes to manage

A

b) B cells do not work properly

B cells DO work

39
Q

which is false regarding GDM?
a) it is temporary
b) check for it at 20-28weeks
c) glucose intolerance associated w/ pregnancy
d) only at risk if it is your first pregnancy

A

d) bc it can happen to anyone at any pregnancy, but a previous diagnosis is a risk factor for future pregnancies

40
Q

what is type 1.5 diabetes?

A

falls between type I and II, slow production of type I latent onset (bc type I usually acute)

41
Q

what is the reference for FPG and how long is the fast?

A

> / 7.0mmol/L & no caloric intake for at least 8 hours

42
Q

what is the reference for A1C?

A

> /6.5% (in adults)

43
Q

what is the reference for 2hPG in a 75g OGTT?

A

> / 11.1mmol/L

44
Q

what is the reference for random PG?

A

> / 11.1mmol/L

45
Q

T/F we screen everyone for type I diabetes

A

F, it is based on history and symptoms

46
Q

what is the critically low glucose for adults?

A

<3mmol/L

47
Q

what is the critically high glucose for adults?

A

> 20mmmol/L

48
Q

what is the renal threshold?

A

~ >10mmol/L

49
Q

you have an american tourist visit the ER because he said his glucometer showed a glucose of 42. should this patient be given glucose or insulin?

A

42mg/dL /18 = 2.3mmol/L

give the patient glucose!!! bc it is critically low!

50
Q

you have an american tourist visit the ER because he said his glucometer showed a glucose of 378. should this patient be given glucose or insulin?

A

378mg/dL /18 =21mmol/L

give the patient insulin! critically high glucose!

51
Q

you have an american tourist visit the ER because he said his glucometer showed a glucose of 90. should this patient be given glucose or insulin?

A

90mg/dL /18 = 5mmol/L

neither, their glucose levels are within range :)

52
Q

compare and contrast type I, type II and GDM

A

type I:
- B cell destruction
- depends on insulin to live
- ketoacidosis risk
- acute + genetic mostly

type II:
- insulin resistance
- develops overtime
- diet can be managed

GDM:
- due to pregnancy
- temporary usually
- affects both baby and mom

similar:
- increased urination + thirst
- all endocrine
- high blood sugar urine + blood

CHEM201 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions