Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A
  • the energy of systems
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2
Q

What is metabolism

A
  • the sum of all chemical reactions performed by a living organism
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3
Q

Catabolic pathway

A
  • breaks down molecules into smaller molecules which can be used to generate energy and chemical building blocks
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4
Q

Anabolic pathways

A
  • uses energy provided by catabolism to drive the synthesis of other molecules
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5
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics

A
  • the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant, although the form of energy may change
  • cells convert energy from one form to another
  • example: electromagnetic energy to chemical bond energy
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6
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics

A
  • the tendency of nature is toward ever-greater disorder in the universe
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7
Q

What is entropy

A
  • a measure of a systems disorder
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8
Q

How do cells not defy the second law of thermodynamics

A
  • although cells can cause molecules within it to be very ordered, it releases heat into the surroundings (heat is energy in its most disordered form)
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9
Q

What is photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A
  • photosynthesis is the conversion of electromagnetic energy into chemical bond energy
  • cellular respiration is the process of obtaining energy from organic molecules resulting in the production of H2O and CO2
  • the two processes are complementary
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10
Q

Oxidation

A

the removal of an electron from an atom (increasing the charge)

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11
Q

Reduction

A

the addition of an electron from an atom (reducing the charge)

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12
Q

Oxidation and reduction reactions always occur _______________

A

simultaneously

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13
Q

If you were trying to obtain energy from a molecule, would you rather use methane or CO2?

A

Methane because carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen so it is easier to steal the electrons, methane is the most reduced and CO2 is the most oxidized

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14
Q

What is free energy and how is it expressed?

A
  • the energy that can be harnessed to do work and drive chemical reactions
  • it is expressed as “G” denoted as “∆G”
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15
Q

What happens when “∆G” is negative

A
  • means the reaction is spontaneous/exergonic, +G means the reactions is non-spontaneous/endergonic
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16
Q

How might an unfavourable reaction occur

A
  • unfavourable reaction can occur if they are coupled to a favourable one
  • the net free energy of the coupled reaction must show a decrease in energy (overall G must be negative)
17
Q

What is the standard free energy change?

A

∆G°→is the ∆G of a reaction calculated under specific conditions
→makes it possible to compare the energetics of different reactions

18
Q

what is activation energy

A
  • the energy that must be acquired to undergo a chemical reaction
19
Q

what is a catalyst

A
  • a substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction
20
Q

what is an enzyme

A
  • it is a biological catalyst
  • it speeds up the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy
  • it is not consumed in the process
  • highly specific in terms of substrate and in terms of reaction
21
Q

Does an enzyme alter ∆G

A

no it does not!

22
Q

Why are enzymes important for humans?

A
  • because they allow reactions to occur in our bodies that normally take place really slowly
23
Q

What is ∆G dependent on

A

∆G is dependent on the concentrations of substrates and products

24
Q

are cells ever at thermodynamic equilibrium?

A
  • no unless they are dead because living cells are constantly exchanging material with their environment
  • and cells often establish disequilibrium because they siphon off products from one reaction to participate in another reaction
25
Q

What is the equilibrium constant (K)?

A
  • the ratio of substrates and products when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
  • it is directly proportional to ∆G°
    K= [Products]/[Reactants]
    ∆G=∆G⁰+ RTlnK
26
Q

When k is less than 1, equal to 1, or more than 1 what happens

A
  • K>1: ∆G is negative but the reaction will proceed forward
  • K= 1: ∆G is zero and reaction is at equilibrium
  • K<1: ∆G is positive and reaction will proceed in reverse
27
Q

If two reactants bound noncovalently to form the product of a reaction, would you expect the free energy change to be positive or negative?

A

Negative→when you are forming bonds, you are releasing energy

28
Q
A