Lecture 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Signal transduction

A
  • conversion of a signal or impulse from one form to another
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2
Q

Cell communication

A
  • cell communication can very on how “public” a message is made
  • signalling molecule can take up many forms: proteins, peptides, nucleotides, amino acids, fatty acid derivatives, gases
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3
Q

Endocrine signalling

A
  • the most “public” signalling system
  • endocrine cells produce signal molecules known as hormones to be delivered through the bloodstream
  • signal can be broadcast to the entire body
  • example: glucagon and insulin are hormones used to regulate blood sugar levels
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4
Q

Paracrine signalling

A
  • signalling cell produce signal molecules known as local mediators that diffuse locally through the extracellular fluid
  • signal is limited and can only be delivered to nearby cells
  • if the signalling cell responds to its own signal this is a form of paracrine signalling known as autocrine signalling
  • example: cancer cells secrete local mediators which promote their own survival
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5
Q

Neuronal signalling

A
  • signals can be delivered very quickly over a long distance (>1m)
  • instead of broadcasting signal widely, signal is sent to a specific target cell
  • the signal is transmitted along a neuron in form of an action potential. The electrical signal is converted into a chemical signal in form of neurotransmitter at the nerve terminals
  • the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor on the target cell which can be converted back into an electrical signal
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6
Q

contact dependent

A
  • most intimate and short range
  • contact is made between two molecules embedded in the signalling cell and the receptor on the target cell
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7
Q

example of contact dependent signaling

A

lateral inhibition in drosophila

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8
Q

cell responses

A
  • the ability for a cell to respond is dependent on wether or not it has an appropriate receptor
  • even if two cells have the same receptor they may respond differently
  • the extracellular signal is not the message: the information conveyed is also dependent on how the target cell receives and interprets the signal
  • example: muscle cell (contraction) vs. salivary gland cell (secretion)
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9
Q

Extracellular signals can fall into two general classes

A
  1. molecules that do not cross the plasma membrane and bind to surface receptors
    - usually large and hydrophilic
  2. molecules that cross the plasma membrane and enter the cytosol and bind to intracellular receptors
    - usually small and hydrophobic
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10
Q

steroid hormone

A
  • hydrohphobic molecule that can cross the plasma membrane and binds to a nuclear receptor
  • example: cortisol
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11
Q

what is a nuclear receptor

A
  • a receptor that when bound to a ligand can enter the nucleus and initiate transcription
  • can initially be found in the cytosol or nucleus
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12
Q

Nitric oxide

A
  • it is a gas that diffuses across the plasma membrane and binds to proteins like guanylyl cyclase forming cyclic GMP
  • only works locally because it is quickly converted into nitrates and nitrites
  • NO is produced in endothelial cells causing smooth muscle to relax and blood vessels to dilate
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13
Q

cell surface receptors

A
  • most extracellular signals bind to cell surface receptors
  • this binding generates an intracellular signals using intracellular signalling molecules which activate effector proteins to cause a cellular response
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14
Q

Functions of intracellular signalling pathways

A
  1. relay signal onwards
  2. transduce and amplify signal
  3. integrate
  4. distribute
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15
Q

molecular switches

A
  • are signalling proteins that toggles between active and inactive states in response to a signal
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16
Q

two classes of molecular switches

A
  • proteins activated or inactivated by phosphorylation
  • GTP-binding proteins
17
Q

what do protein kinases do

A
  • phosphorylate proteins
18
Q

what do protein phosphatases do

A
  • dephosphorylates proteins
19
Q

What do serine, threonine, and tyrosine all have in common?

A
  • they can serve as phosphorylation sites, where phosphate groups are added to their hydroxyl groups by protein kinase
20
Q

Explain the phosphorylation cascade

A
  • the phosphorylation of the molecular switch causes it to phosphorylate another molecular switch allowing for transmission, amplification, distribution and regulation of signals
  • example: MAP kinase
21
Q

GTP binding proteins posses

A
  • GTP hydrolyzing (GTPases) activity
21
Q

GTP-binding proteins

A
  • toggles between active and inactive state depending on wether we have GTP or GDP bound
22
Q

What are the two main types of GTP-binding proteins

A
  1. large trimeric GTP-binding proteins
  2. monomeric GTPases
23
Q

What are two regulatory proteins that aid small GTP-binding proteins

A
  1. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs): which activates proteins by exchanging GDP for GTP
  2. GTPases activating proteins: which inactivate proteins by promoting GTP hydrolysis
24
Q

3 major types of cell surface receptors

A
  • ion channel coupled receptor
  • G-protein coupled receptor
  • enzyme coupled receptor
25
Q

ion channel coupled receptor

A
  • we’ve seen it when a chemical signal in form of neurotransmitter is transduced into an electrical signal by opening of ion channel and causing a change in membrane potential
  • important in neutrons and electrically excited cells like muscle cells
26
Q

g-protein coupled receptors

A
  • G protein coupled receptors activate membrane bound trimeric GTP binding proteins causing the activation or inactivation of enzymes or ion channels in the plasma membrane
27
Q

enzyme coupled receptor

A
  • the receptor itself can act as an enzyme or associate with enzymes in the cell