Lecture 25 Flashcards

1
Q

Vesicular transport

A
  • the movement of material between organelles of eukaryotic cell via membrane enclosed vesicles
  • transport protein and lipids to various parts of the cell including the endomembrane system and the plasma membrane
  • proteins from the ER are initially sent to the Golgi and then may be delivered to other compartments of the cell
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2
Q

what are coated vesicles?

A
  • membrane enclosed vesicles that wear a distinctive layer of proteins on it cytosolic surface
  • helps shape the membrane into a bud and captures molecules for onward transport
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3
Q

Clathrin-coated vesicles

A
  • found budding from the Golgi to the plasma membrane and lysosomes via endosomes as well as from the plasma membrane to the endosomes
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4
Q

COP-coated vesicles

A
  • found in vesicles between the ER and Golgi, as well as from one part of the Golgi to another
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5
Q
A
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6
Q
A
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7
Q

vesicles have a unique combination of which proteins

A
  • Rab GTPases
  • v-SNARES
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8
Q

describe the process of tethering

A
  • Rab proteins are recognized and bound by tethering proteins found on the target membrane bringing the two closer in proximity
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9
Q

describe the process of docking

A

the v-snares on the vesicles interact with complementary t-snares to firmly dock the vesicles in place

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10
Q

describe the process of fusion

A
  • the vesicle fuses with the target and the cargo protein is delivered to the interior of the aircraft organelle (or secreted if at the plasma membrane)
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11
Q

Docking and fusion

A
  • Docking does not always lead to fusion, sometimes it requires a stimulatory signal
  • The fusion membrane is energetically unfavourable
  • fusion occurs when the v-snares and t-snares wrap tightly around each other, bringing the vesicle closer to the membrane
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12
Q

where are proteins modified

A
  • in the lumen of the ER
  • for example: formation of disulphide bonds
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13
Q

Why aren’t disulphide bonds added in the cytosol

A
  • cytosol is a reducing environment which reduces disulfide bonds
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14
Q

Glycosylation

A
  • covalent attachments of short branched oligosaccharides
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15
Q

glycosylation function

A
  • protects against protein degradation
  • hold protein in the ER
  • recognition of protein for packaging or cell-cell interaction
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16
Q

glycosylation is rare on the ______

A

cytosolic side

17
Q

How are oligosaccharides added

A
  • they are not added one at a time they are added “en bloc” (all together)
18
Q

A _____ sugar oligosaccharide is originally attached to the lipid _________ and is transferred to the ________________________ as the peptidase is translocated

A
  1. 14
  2. dolichol
  3. an amino group of an asparagine side chain
19
Q

Exit from the ER

A
  • some proteins remain in the ER an will contain appropriate signal sequence
  • if proteins escape the Golgi, they will be recognized by receptors and sent back to the ER
20
Q

exocytosis

A
  • vesicles from the Golgi fuse with the plasma membrane
21
Q

what happens when to many proteins in the ER accumulate

A
  • the unfolded protein response is triggered
  • more chaperone proteins and quality control related proteins are produced
  • may inhibit protein synthesis
  • the size of the ER can be expanded to cope with the load, but if limit is exceeded the cell can die
22
Q

cisternae

A
  • flattened membrane enclosed sacs
23
Q

The cis face

A

is adjacent to the ER

24
Q

the trans face

A

points towards the plasma membrane

25
Q

the medial cisterna

A

is in the middle

26
Q

vesicles from the ER enter the Golgi at the _________

A

cis Golgi network

27
Q

proteins exit from the ________

A

trans Golgi network

28
Q

proteins are further modified in the ____

A
  • Golgi
  • oligosaccharide chains are added, removed and modified
29
Q
A
30
Q

constitutive exocytosis pathway

A
  • supplies plasma membrane with lipids and proteins. Some proteins are secreted
  • entry to this pathway does not require a specific signal sequence other than the one to enter the ER
  • operates continually in all eukaryotic cells
31
Q

regulated exocytosis pathway

A
  • only operates in specialized cells
  • proteins are sorted and packed into the trans Golgi network which has conditions that cause proteins to aggregate (low pH, high Ca2+)
  • proteins are stored in vesicles where they accumulate near the PM and wait for a signal to stimulate their fusion with the PM
32
Q

what does aggregation allow

A
  • it allows secretory proteins to be at very high concentration
33
Q

What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis

A
  • exocytosis delivers phospholipids to the PM, but is balanced by removal from endocytosis
34
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • the uptake of material from the invaginations of the plasma membrane
35
Q

endocytosis can be broken down into 2 types based on size

A
  • phagocytosis: ingestion of large molecules, performed by specialized phagocytic cell
  • pinocytosis: ingestion of fluid and molecules via small vesicles, performed by all cells
36
Q

Why is phagocytosis important

A
  • important for the uptake of food and defence against infection
37
Q

after vesicles are engulfed, they are enclosed in vesicles called _______

A

phagosomes

38
Q

Example of pinocytosis transport

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis
- LDL receptors bind to LDL and are internalized as clathrin-coated vesicles
- they fuse with endoscope and are delivered to the lysosomes
- LDL receptor recycled to PM