Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP2 > Lecture 4/15 - Extreme Conditions > Flashcards

Lecture 4/15 - Extreme Conditions Flashcards

Final

1
Q

Tightening the vocal cords = _____ pitched voice

A

Higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Loosening the vocal cords = ______ pitched voice

A

Lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the definition of atmospheric pressure?

A

The result of gravity (keeping the atmosphere attached to planet) & weight of the atmosphere between us and outer space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In outer space, the atmospheric pressure is _____ mmHg

A

0 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The highest altitude on earth is ______ which is on _______. What is the barometric pressure here? Inspired PO2?

A

9000 m (9 Km)

The summit of Mount Everest

PB = 253 mmHg

PIO2 = 43 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F: the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere doesn’t change when you’re close to outer space

A

F

ONLY changes when close to outer space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does decreasing your barometric pressure affect oxygen?

A

Decrease PB –> less pressure available to push gas into lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the inspired partial pressure of O2 at the summit of Mount Everest? What is the normal inspired PP of O2? What does this mean?

A

PPgas = [gas concentration] x (PB - 47 mmHg)

[0.21] x (253 mmHg - 47 mmHg) = 43.26 mmHg –> 43 mmHg

Normal = 150 mmHg

Lower pressure to push O2 into lungs is causing the low inspired PP O2 –> low arterial PO2 (also low alveolar PO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do people generally climb Mount Everest?

A

Can only tolerate low PO2 of 43 mmHg for a couple of hours

Climbers try to reach Summit ASAP –> spend a few minutes there –> come back down

They stop at base camps to allow body to adapt to low O2 while going up the mountain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does your breathing change at high altitudes?

A

Feel out of breath
-hyperventilate to compensate

(body will accommodate after a few days, ventilation will normalize)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Besides the lungs, what organ is affected by low PO2 due to going to high altitudes? What effects does this have on the body?

A

Kidney

Less oxygen is being delivered to the kidney –> kidneys O2 sensors in the deep medulla sense this –> increases EPO production –> increases Hb/Hct

Increase in Hb/Hct help w/ O2 delivery thru body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is your respiratory system different if you were born at a high altitude? How is this beneficial?

A

More surface area = more alveoli = increased gas exchange in lungs

People born at high altitudes will have much better/longer endurance because increased ability for gas exchange dt increased surface area in their lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The limiting factor for every day activities, including sports, is the ______.

A

Heart –> cardiac output

(not the lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

We have _____ more lung area than we need. How is this beneficial?

A

3x

This is a safety factor to help us cope with short term damage. It makes it manageable. (ex. smoking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The lowest altitude on earth is ______. The atmospheric pressure is _______.

A

Death Valley

Increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does diving underwater affect atmospheric pressure?

A

Water is heavy –> greatly increases pressure along with decreased altitude, which increases pressure as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

At 500 feet underwater, barometric pressure is ____ that of sea level. What is this equal to in torr?

A

16x

16 x 760 torr =12,160 Torr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

At a PB of 5000 mmHg the inspired O2 partial pressure is ______

A

1044 mmHg –> about 10x normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are scuba tanks filled with? Why is this a concern when scuba diving?

A

Filled with atmospheric gas –> 79% Nitrogen

Increased PB with diving –> extremely high inspired nitrogen partial pressure Almost 4000 mmHg

Nitrogen is insoluble –> high pressures N2 will dissolve in blood

Concerns: Mental status
-Air embolism when decompressing/resurfacing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why don’t they fill scuba tanks with 100% oxygen? Is 100% oxygen in scuba tanks a standard practice?

A

More expensive
-higher risk of explosion/fires
-Oxygen toxicity

This is NOT standard. Atmospheric air w/ nitrogen is standard.

21
Q

What is the biggest concern with scuba diving? Explain. What can prevent this?

A

Rapidly resurfacing –> sudden changes in nitrogen pressure in the body

relatively insoluble nitrogen that was compressed/dissolved into blood when deep under water –> When rapidly resurfacing Nitrogen comes out of solution/blood in the form of gas/air –> air emboli form in circulatory system

Prevention: Gradual ascending
-hyperbaric chamber
-Dont include nitrogen in the tank

22
Q

An air embolism in the _____ coronary artery is more fatal. Why?

A

Left

Remember L coronary supplies BB leading to the ventricles. Both can be fatal but L is wayyyy worse. You will probably die.

23
Q

What are some places where an air embolism can be fatal?

A

L (or R) coronary artery (heart)
Carotid (brain)
Pulmonary artery (lung)

24
Q

What is the purpose of a hyperbaric chamber?

A

Returns body to a high pressure environment after diving
-allows gradual release of nitrogen to prevent sudden formation of air emboli

25
What is "rapid decompression"? This is also termed as ________
This term is used to describe dissolved (pressurized) nitrogen in the blood coming out of blood in the form of gas/air This is usually due to coming from a highly pressurized area to a less pressurized area quickly while breathing air that has the same composition as atmospheric air. "Blood boiling"
26
The movie that has a very visual example of "rapid decompression" is called ________. They were on _____. Who was in the moive?
Total Recall Mars Arnold Schwarzenegger (5 syllables)
27
What can help with altitude sickness when climbing mt everest?
Going up gradually -Stopping at camp bases to allow body to adjust
28
T/F: altitude sickness is genetic
T
29
What is the most common camp base people stop at when climbing the summit of Mount Everest to allow their body to adjust to lower barometric pressure? What is the barometric pressure there? Inspired PO2?
Camp base 3: PB = 317 mmHg PIO2 = 56.5 mmHg
30
When diving & resurfacing quickly, if an air emboli isnt immediately fatal, what do we need to worry about?
Smaller air emboli from the nitrogen leaving out of the blood in gas form coming together and forming larger embolus later on
31
A standard hyperbaric chamber is ____ normal sea level pressure. What does this equal to in mmHg? How are military hyperbaric chambers different?
3x 2280 mmHg Military: Can go higher than 3x -more expensive & dangerous (higher pressure = more explosive)
32
Where are places that commonly have hyperbaric places? Descibe them.
Oil rigs: Hyperbaric rooms -active divers live at high pressures bc its healther so body doesn't have to keep adjusting every dive. -Cons: Expensive; oil/gas are flammable & pressure is explosive -- these are combined; high insurance large medical centers: academic chamber -Can have single or multi person (container over pt head that enriches that area only) -Cons: expensive; large; high insurance military base: hyperbaric chamber -Can go higher than 3x sea level pressure & larger multi person -Cons: expensive; dangerous Small/rural hospital: traveling/mobile hyperbaric chamber that go to multiple places that are needed (not associated with the hospital probably)
33
What are secondary uses of a hyperbaric chamber?
Hyperbaric chamber can also push extra oxygen into the blood If you have a bad circulatory system or immune system --> **additional O2 = oxidative stress** Can be used to kill viruses/bacteria & heal infections/wounds (O2 is toxic to these)
34
In a hyperbaric chamber, the FiO2 is ____% and the pressure is ______. This increases oxygen in the blood in the __________.
100% Increases (Usually 3 atm) DISSOLVED STATE!!!!! Dissolved state only.
35
Oxygen is _____ in blood. What is the significance of Hb with O2?
insoluble Since it is insoluble in blood Hb acts as a carrier for O2 to avoid being in solution
36
What is the only way to increase the amount of O2 in the blood beyond what Hb carries? How do you do this?
Increasing PAO2 (alveolar O2 tension -- they mean the same thing) Increase FIO2 Increase environmental pressure
37
_______ helps convince highly insoluble O2 gas to go into blood in the dissolved form
Higher pressure
38
Why is CO2 problematic when diving at deep depths?
Small amount of CO2 in atmospheric air (0.3 mmHg) --> increase dissolved CO2 in the blood when diving **CO2 is an acid**
39
The typical FiO2 needed in a healthy anesthetized pt is ___%. Why is this?
30% GA **prevents the body from shunting blood by messing with hypoxic pulmonary basal constriction (HPV)** GA also **increases the risk for airway reactivity** To compensate for this, we use 30% instead of 21% (RA)
40
ROS =
Reactive oxygen species
41
The dangerous oxygen molecules are called ______. What are they? (4) Describe them. (Go over each one until you hit all major points)
ROS (reactive oxygen species) 1. Superoxide (O2-): -1 extra electron --> causes reactivity/degrades compounds 2. Nitric oxide (NO): Excessive amounts = react/create dangerous compounds 3. peroxynitrite (OONO-): Destroys/mutates DNA -Created by **Oxidative stress or Superoxide + Nitric Oxide** -Long term --> cancer 4. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2): used as an aseptic for infections -Smaller -less dangerous
42
Superoxide + Nitric Oxide =
peroxynitrite (OONO-)
43
How does our body use ROS in good ways?
In controlled amounts, used to to degrade unwanted/foreign compounds in the body. Ex) Macrophages Immune killer cells
44
How does the body regulate ROS in the body? List them (4)
They are regulated by the following enzymes -Superoxide Dismutase: degrees superoxide -Peroxidase: breaks down (hydrogen) peroxide -Catalase: forms and degrades hydrogen peroxide -Acetylcysteine: scavengers and destroys excess ROS
45
What is N-Acetylcysteine? What is it used for?
Enzyme that destroys excess ROS Medication used to reduce liver damage from Acetaminophen OD from disrupted CYP450 metabolism
46
Describe the Iron lung; uses; machine; mechanics
Old way of ventilating someone who doesnt have adequate skeletal muscle support uses: Polio - infection that destroys the communication between the NS & skeletal muscles --> can't properly ventilate Machine: -cylinder shaped w/ cap on end -**pressure seal** between inside of the tank and outside environment Mechanics: -on inside: lower environmental pressure when we need to inspire -Machine pulls on pulley to stimulate the same motion of diaphragm contracting down --> pulls air into pt
47
What are the main differences between ventilation w/ the iron lung & PPV?
Iron lung: -less trauma -pulling air in = more natural -air evenly distributed -not mobile PPV: -pushing air in = abnormal -uneven distribution of air: Alveoli closest to large airway fill first --> pushes on other alveoli (reason why we need pressure to open) -vent is mobile
48
The last person who was in the iron lung was able to obtain what kind of degree?
Law degree

AP2 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions