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Psychology of Addictions > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are individual factors ?

A

Personal vulnerability factors
* Biological or genetic predispositions
* Psychological factors ( i.e: personality, attitudes, etc)

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2
Q

What are situational factors ?

A

Social enviroment (i.e: family, culture, etc)

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3
Q

What are structural factors ?

A

Nature of the substance or addictive behaviour ( not hypothetically possible to become addicted to anything, i.e., gardening)

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4
Q

What is the developmental theory ?

A

Impact of addictive behaviours on life course development & development of SUD

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5
Q

What does the developmental theory state ?

A
  • Prental/fetal developmental period marks the peak sensitivity for being negatively affected as result of exposure to alcohol and other substances
  • First use of a substance ( tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) during an earlier age (i.e: adolesence) is associated with increases in the risk of developing a SUD
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6
Q

What is the learning theory ?

A

Presents classical & operant conditioning processes as explanation of how addictive behaviour patterns may develop, be maintained & become extinguished

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7
Q

What is involved in the craving stimulus ?

A

The craving stimulus from the enviroment may involve any of the 5 senses

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8
Q

What can also trigger craving ?

A

Familiar internal states (i.e: anxiety)

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9
Q

How may an individual develop a CR to a stimuli ?

A

An individual may develop a CR to stimuli that are repeatedly associated an addictive substance/activity

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10
Q

What is cue-induced response ?

A

Exposure to those triggering cues (enviromental cues) increasing the risk of relapse

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11
Q

What is one goal in CBT ?

A

Helping patients identify personal triggers & develop strategies for managing situations where encountered

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12
Q

What is cue-exposure treatment ?

A

Patients are repeatedly exposed to enviromental cues (CS) without experiencing the UCR
* Relearning rather than unlearning the association

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13
Q

What is negative reinforcement ?

A

removing an unpleasant stimulus

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14
Q

What is positive punishment ?

A

Adding an unpleasant stimulus

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15
Q

What is a negative punishment ?

A

Removing a pleasant stimulus

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16
Q

What do withdrawl symptoms do ?

A

They punish abstinence & challenge the addict’s attempt to avoid the addicted behaviour which has previously been rewarding

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17
Q

What other things can operant conditioning be used for ?

A

It can also be used to extinguish addictive behaviour - if an addict stops experiencing positive consequences following the additive behviour

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18
Q

What does Naltrexone do ?

A

Blocks the “high” feeling following drinking alcohol

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19
Q

What is Disulfiram ?

A

Use results in quickly developing unpleasant physical effects to punish drinking alcohol

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20
Q

How is the the sequence of events important ?

A

Consequence following a behaviour first has a greater influence over future behaviour compared to a consequence experienced later

21
Q

How is the Timing of consequences important ?

A

If too much time passes between the behaviour & consequence, the power of the consequence ( to shape behaviour) is weakened

22
Q

What is the Social learning theory ?

A

interventions desgined to shape the learning enviroment of individuals

23
Q

What does the Social learning theory state ?

A
  • Providing positive behaviour models & emphasizing positive consequences experienced by them
  • Removing negative behaviour models & emphasizing negative consequences experiences by them
24
Q

What major principles did Albert Bandura state ?

A
  1. Learning can occur through observing others’ behaviours & their consequences
  2. Complex behaviours can be learned through observing & imitating behaviours modeled by others
25
Q

What are expectancies ?

A

Individuals evaluate the likely consequences of engaging in specific behaviour which affects the probability of engaging in the behaviour

26
Q

When are expectancies learned ?

A

They are learned from an early age

27
Q

What is information processing ?

A
  • Stimulus: exposure to information
  • Input: attend & perceive information
  • Storage: store in short-term memory then long-ter memory
  • Retrieval: retrieve from memory
  • Output: Influence behaviour
28
Q

What is learning ?

A

Learning is state-dependent - what is learned under normal conditions, may not be recalled when under influence of a substance & vice versa
*Re-learning materials learned while under influence of substances is needed during recovery

29
Q

What does the personality theory state ?

A

Certain personality traits are more common among individuals who misuse substances - low levels of conscientiousness, but high levels of:
* Impulsivity/disinhibition
* Difficulty delaying gratification
* Disagreeableness
* Antisocial behaviour
* Social alienation

30
Q

What do addicts represent ?

A

Addicts represent a diverse and heterogeneous population - it is possible for anyone to develop an addiction

31
Q

What is the psychodynamic theory ?

A

Oral addictive behaviours may be explained by reactions to fixation of the oral zone during psychosexual development

32
Q

How is substence misuse tied to the PDT ?

A
  • Substance misuse may be an attempt to escape the intrapsychic conflict caused by tension b/w the id & superego
  • Substance misuse as an attempt to cope with the formation of insecure attatchments early in life
33
Q

What is self-medication hypothesis of substance misuse ?

A

Turning to addictive behaviours to “numb” the psychic pain as a result of insecure attatchments/ego deficits/negative or disturbing feelings

34
Q

What are the limitations of the PDT ?

A
  • Constructs involved are difficult to operationalize & objectively measure in research
  • The presumed causes are experienced by many who do not engage in problematic additive behaviours
  • Merely focusing on patients’ own insights of the problem neglects the power drugs of abuse have
  • A combination of psychodynamic principles & other types of interventions addressing other aspects of the problem may be appropriate
35
Q

What can social enviroments do ?

A

Social enviroments one is exposed to can protect them from, or predispose them towards, addictive behaviours

36
Q

What is microsystem ?

A

Immediate (proximal) & regular social context interactions with the individual (i.e: close family, friends)

37
Q

What is mesosystem ?

A

Interactions b/w microsystem elements & settings where the individual functions

38
Q

What is macrosystem ?

A

Distal elements (i.e: policies, cultures)

39
Q

How does the enviroment exert influence on a substance use behaviours ?

A

2 mechanisms:
* Social control: increased/decreased opportunities to engage in substance use/misuse
* Social triggers: enviromental aspects which amplify or dampen the behaviour, triggering addictive behaviours

40
Q

What is circulatory of influence ?

A

Individuals play active roles in shaping their enviroments

41
Q

What does the family system theory state ?

A

Adolescents lacking parental support or experiencing low levels of parental monitoring are more likely to use substances

42
Q

What do parents who misuse substances do ?

A
  • Reduce quality of parenting behaviours & monitoring
  • Model substance misuse
  • Increase access to substances for children
  • Provide ambiguous social norms regarding substance misuse
  • May expose children to adverse childhood events
43
Q

How do peers influence substance abuse ?

A
  • Substance use initiation & escalation to problematic levels are strongly associated with one’s peer’s use of drugs. during adolescents
  • Peers are powerful resources in the initiation of substance use & in assisting recover
44
Q

What are the important factors influencing substance misuse ?

A
  • Easy access to substances
  • Modeling of substance use
  • Rate of crime and violence
  • SES - disadvantaged neighbourhoods are associated with increased chances of substance use
45
Q

How does neighbourhood & community influence substance misuse ?

A
  • Poverty has a pervasive influence on health outcomes, through impacts on behaviour, exposure & opportunity
  • Social determinants of health can be important intervention targets
  • One’s neighbourhood enviroment can also shape daily experiences, health-related behaviours & health outcomes
46
Q

How does culture influence substance misuse ?

A
  • Protective factors against susceptibility to SUD - strong cultural identity & closeness to one’s culture of origin
  • Risk factors - among immigrant: acculturation, reduced closeness with one’s family & increased exposure to peers who use substance
47
Q

How do interactions influence substance misuse ?

A
  • Gene x enviroment interactions explain individual variations in substance use behaviour (i.e: development & recovery from SUD)
  • Circulatory of influence - individuals are not passively influenced by their enviroments
48
Q

How does social stigma influence substance misuse ?

A
  • Stigma about individuals with SUD can inhibit their efforts to self-identify as having a problem and seek treatment
  • Encountering stigma is commonly reported in individuals experiencing SUD - having a pervasive impact on their daily lives, social relationships, healthcare experiences, internal states

Psychology of Addictions (7 decks)

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