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Psychology of Addictions > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a drug addiction ?

A

A chronic disorder in which drug-seeking & drug-taking behaviour persist despite serious negative consequences

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2
Q

What do addictive substances induce ?

A

They induce pleasant states or relieve stress

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3
Q

What does continued drug use induce ?

A

Induces adaptive changes in the CNS which leads to tolerance, physical dependence, sensitization, craving & relapse

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4
Q

What does genetic factors contribute to ?

A

Contribute to the risk of addiction, making some individuals more/less vulnerable

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5
Q

What are the groups of substances ?

A
  • Depressants
  • Stimulants
  • Opioids
  • Hallucinogens
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6
Q

What do depressants do ?

A

They result in behavioural sedation and relaxation

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7
Q

What drugs are included in depressants ?

A
  • alcohol
  • sedative (calming)
  • hypnotic (sleep-inducing)
  • anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing)
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8
Q

Do depressants increase or decrease CNS activity ?

A

They decrease CNS activity

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9
Q

Do depressants reduce or increase levels of physiological arousal ?

A

They reduce it

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10
Q

What are alcohol-related disorders ?

A

Cognitive, behavioural, biological & social problems associated with alcohol use & abuse

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11
Q

What is apparent stimulation ?

A

The initial effect of alcohol
* Initially feel more outgoing then gradually reaction time slows, judgement becomes poor, motor coordination is impaired

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12
Q

What path is travelled by alcohol throughout the body after ingestion ?

A
  • Stomach - small amounts absorbed
  • Small intestine- absorbed into the bloodstream
  • Circulatory system distributes alcohol throughout the body
  • Contacts major organs: heart, lungs ( vaporizes, is exhaled) & liver
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13
Q

What are the effects of alcohol on the brain ?

A
  • GABA: may explain anti-anxiety properties of alcohol
  • Glutamate system: may explain blackout/loss of memory period of intoxication
  • Serotonin: may explain alcoholic cravings
  • Dopamine: may explain pleasurable feelings experienced during alcohol consumption
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14
Q

What are the consequences of excessive drinking ?

A
  • Liver disease
  • Cardiovascular disorders
  • Dementia
  • Werinicke-Korsakoff syndrome
  • Fetal Alcohol syndrome
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15
Q

What is dementia ?

A

Deterioration of brain functioning
* can be a direct result of neurotoxicity or poisoning of the brain by excessive amounts of alcohol

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16
Q

What is Werinicke-Korsakoff syndrome ?

A

Results in confusion & loss of muscle coordination

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17
Q

What causes WKS ?

A

Caused by a deficiency in thiamine ( a vitamin metabolized poorly by heavy drinkers )

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18
Q

What is Fetal Alcohol syndrome ?

A

Pattern of problems inluding learning difficulties, behaviour deficits & characteristic physical flaws

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19
Q

Who are more likely to drink heavily ?

A

Men (boo)

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20
Q

What is considered heavy drinking for men or women ?

A
  • Men: 5+ drinks on one occasion at least once a month in the past year
  • Women: 4+ drinks
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21
Q

How does the rate of alcohol use vary across countries ?

A
  • Different attitudes towards drinking
  • Availability of alcohol
  • Family norms
  • Physiological reactions
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22
Q

What are the predictors of later abuse ?

A
  • Drinking at an early age (b/w 11-14) is predictive of developing later alcohol-related disorders
  • Lacking (or experiencing milder) physiological response to the sedative effects of alcohol may increase the likelihood of later abuse
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23
Q

What do stimulants do ?

A

Enhance alertness and activity & elevate mood, arousal and concentration

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24
Q

What drugs are included in stimulants ?

A
  • Amphetamines
  • cocaine
  • nicotine
  • caffeine
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25
Q

What is caffeine use disorder ?

A

cognitive, biological, behavioural & social problems associated with the use & abuse of caffeine

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26
Q

What occurs when you take caffeine in small doses ?

A

Elevates mood & reduce fatigue

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27
Q

What occurs when you take caffeine in large doses ?

A

It causes insomnia

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28
Q

What does regular use of caffeine cause ?

A
  • Tolerance
  • Dependence
  • Intoxication
  • Withdrawl
29
Q

What is tobacco-related disorders ?

A

cognitive, biological, behavioural & social problems associated with the use & abuse of nicotine

30
Q

What patterns do nicotine produce ?

A

Produces patterns of dependence, tolerance, and withdrawl

31
Q

What are the withdrawl symptoms of nicotine ?

A
  • depressed mood
  • insomnia
  • irritability
  • anxiety
  • difficulty concentrating
  • increased appetite
  • weight gain
32
Q

What are the consequences of nicotine ?

A
  • high blood pressure
  • increase risks of heart disease & cancer
33
Q

What do amphetamines & cocaine do ?

A
  • Increases blood pressure & pulse rate
  • Induce the release of corticotropin - releasing factor & cortisol
34
Q

What does long term use of amphetamines & cocaine cause ?

A
  • irritability
  • aggresive
  • stereotyped behaviour
  • paranoid-like psychosis
35
Q

What are the mild withdrawl signs of amphetamines & cocaine ?

A
  • insomnia
  • depression
  • lack of energy
  • intense cravings
36
Q

What are opiods ?

A

Family of addictive psychoactive substances that include natural opiates, synthetic variations & comparable substances that occur naturally in the brain

37
Q

What is an opiate ?

A

Natural chemicals in the opium poppy that have a narcotic effect

38
Q

What are opioid-related disorders ?

A

cognitive, biological, behavioural and social problems associated with the use and abuse of opiates and their synthetic varients

39
Q

What drugs are included in opiods ?

A
  • heroine
  • opium
  • codeine
  • morphine
40
Q

What can opioids cause ?

A
  • euphoria
  • drowsiness
  • slowed breathing
  • death
  • can also reduce pain
41
Q

What are the withdrawl symptoms of opioids ?

A
  • excessive yawning
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • chills
  • muscle aches
  • diarrhea
  • insomnia
42
Q

What are the consequences of opioids ?

A
  • mortality rates are 6-20 times more than the general population
  • relapse is common
  • many replace opiods with alcohol or other drugs
  • increased risk of HIV infection
43
Q

What do hallucinogens do ?

A

Alter sensory perception & produce delusions, paranoia & hallucinations

44
Q

What are the physical symptoms of hallucinogens ?

A

blurred vision, rapid heart rate, etc

45
Q

What categories does cannabis fall under ?

A

Depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogen

46
Q

What are common reactions of cannabis ?

A
  • altered perceptions
  • mood swings
  • heightened sensory experiences
47
Q

What occurs when you take cannabis in large doses ?

A
  • paranoia
  • hallucinations
  • dizziness
48
Q

What can occur with the long-term use of cannabis ?

A

impaired memory, concentration, motivation & cannabis use disorder

49
Q

What can synthetic marijuana cause ?

A
  • hallucinations
  • seizures
  • heart rhythm problems
50
Q

What are the symptoms of withdrawl of cannabis ?

A

restlessness, irritability & insomnia

are subtle & appear in heavy consumers

51
Q

Where is dopamine highly concentrated ?

A

Ventral tegmental area ( VTA, midbrain, brainstem )

52
Q

What is the mesolimbic pathway ?

A

Spans from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens (striatum) & other limbic regions
* Activation is necessary for experiencing reward and reinforcement
* Each drug increases the amount of dopamine released in this pathway differently

53
Q

How is the release of dopamine stimulated ?

A

Both natural rewards (i.e: foods) & addictive drugs stimulate the release of dopamine from neurons of the presynaptic VTA into the nucleus accumbens ( brain’s pleasure centre) causing euphoria & reinforcement of that behaviour

54
Q

What do dopamine transporters do ?

A

Removes dopamine from the synaptic cleft

55
Q

What are the effect of drugs on dopamine ?

A
  • All classes of drugs increase dopamine levels in the brain. but in different ways
  • Some (i.e: alcohol and nicotine) indirectly excite dopamine-producing neurons in the VTA so they generate more action potentials
  • Others (i.e: cocaine) act at the nerve terminal and bind to dopamine-transporter & block reuptake of dopamine
56
Q

What is reuptake ?

A

Process that allows neurotransmitters to be taken back into the presynaptic neuron

57
Q

What is the incentive sensitization theory

A

Incentive salience - as addiction develops, the addict develops an increase in “wanting” the drug, despite a decrease (or static) “liking”

58
Q

What factors are involved in relapse & craving ?

A
  • Re-exposure to the drug
  • Exposure to enviromental stimuli previously paired with druge use ( conditioned drug cues )
  • Exposure to enviromental stressors
59
Q

What is the brain disease model of addiction ?

A

When fundamental biological processes are disrupted they can alter voluntary behavioural control & lead to self-regulation disorders

60
Q

What are the criticisms of the brain model of addiction ?

A
  • This view challenges values about self-determination & personal responsibilities which frame drug use as a voluntary act
  • This view seems to be a way of excusing personal irresponsibility and criminal acts
  • This view fails to identify genetic aberration or brain atypicalities that consistently apply to all individuals
61
Q

What is operant conditioning ?

A

Type of learning that is controlled by the consequences of one’s behaviours

62
Q

What is reinforcement ?

A

Any consequence that makes a behaviour more likely to occur ( strengthens the probability of the behaviour)

63
Q

What is positive reinforcement ?

A

Presenting a pleasant stimulus following a behaviour we want to strengthen

64
Q

What is classical conditioning ?

A

Form of learning in which one responds to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus which elicits an automatic response

65
Q

What is a unconditioned stimulus ?

A

Elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning

66
Q

What is a unconditioned response ?

A

Automatic response to a stimulus that does not need to be learned

67
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus ?

A

Initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an UCS

68
Q

What is a conditioned response ?

A

Response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a (previously) neutral stimulus through conditioning

Psychology of Addictions (7 decks)

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