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Psychology of Addictions > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Researchers specialize by ?

A
  • Substance
  • Theoretical model
  • Population
  • Methodological approach
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2
Q

What is involved in the scientific method ?

A
  1. Ask the question
  2. Design the study
  3. Collect the data
  4. Analyze the data
  5. Report the results
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3
Q

What are the common designs ?

A
  • Descriptive
  • Case study
  • Observational/correlational
  • Quasi-Experimental
  • Experimental
  • Cross-sectional
  • Longitudinal
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4
Q

What is descriptive ?

A

Quantifies (numbers)

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5
Q

What is case study ?

A

In-depth examination of the life of one person (qualitative)

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6
Q

What is observational/correlational ?

A

Studies naturally occuring relationships (no manipulation)

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7
Q

What is Quasi-Experimental ?

A

Studies impact of manipulation but no random assignment

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8
Q

What is Experimental ?

A

Studies impact of manipulation that is randomly assigned

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9
Q

What is involed in Experimental methods ?

A
  • Experimental group
  • Control group
  • Placebo control group
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10
Q

What is between-group design ?

A

Individuals experience one condition and compared to other group

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11
Q

What is within-group design ?

A

Individuals experience multiple conditions and are compared to selves

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12
Q

What is cross-sectional ?

A

One time point

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13
Q

What is longitudinal ?

A

Multiple time points

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14
Q

What are the stengths and limitations of descriptive ?

A
  • Strengths: not intrusive; best when using population-based samples vs convenience
  • Limitations: not looking at cause and effect; limited to quanitifying single variables
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15
Q

What are the stengths and limitations of case-study ?

A
  • Strengths: in-depth understanding
  • Limitations: results cannot be generalized and cannot establish causality
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16
Q

What are the strengths and limitations of observational/correlational ?

A
  • Strengths: ask about experiences, basic understanding of correlation, confounds/third-variables
  • Limitations: cannot conclude cause-effect
17
Q

What are the strengths and limitations of quasi-experimental ?

A
  • Strengths: more control over factors
  • Limitations: cannot conclude cause-effect, altering persons experiences
18
Q

What are the strengths and limitations of experimental ?

A
  • Strengths: can make cause-effect conclusion
  • Limitations: may not translate to real world
19
Q

What are variables ?

A

A quality that differs and can take different values

20
Q

What are independent variables ?

A

A variable that influences another variable

what is manipulated

21
Q

What are dependent variables ?

A

the variable that is influenced by the independent variable

what we measure

22
Q

What are common independent variables ?

A
  • Substance exposure
  • Risk factors- psychological, social, cultural, and biological factors that increase risk
  • Protective factors- less studied, focused on decreasing risk
23
Q

What are treatment and intervention effects ?

A
  • Decrease risk factors
  • Increase protective factors
  • Examine individual or population outcomes
24
Q

What are common manipulators ?

A
  • Exposure to substance in the laboratory
  • Exposure to risk or protective factors
  • Provide an intervention or treatment
25
Q

What are the types of exposure to substance ?

A
  • Oral
  • Inhalation
  • Transdermal
  • Intravenous
26
Q

What are common dependent variables ?

A
  • Substance use and addictive behaviours vs addiction
  • Short-term vs long-term impacts
27
Q

What are the methods for measuring outcomes ?

A
  • Self-report or other informant report
  • Behavioral observation
  • Tests ( e.g: cognitive )
  • Neuroimaging methods
  • Biomarkers
28
Q

What are the strength and limitations of self-report method ?

A
  • Strengths: easy and quick
  • Limitations: social desirability bias, memory, requires awareness
29
Q

What are the strength and limitations of behavioural observation method ?

A
  • Strength: less subject to reporting biases, directly related to outcomes of interest
  • Limitations: ecological validity and limited ability to observe certain outcomes
30
Q

What are the strengths and limitations of tests ?

A
  • Strengths: less subject to reporting biases
  • Limitations: ecological validity and may not relate strongly to behaviours of interest
31
Q

What are the strengths and limitations of neuroimaging ?

A
  • Strength: quanitfy change or patterns of brain activity
  • Limitations: indirect measures of drug effects on brain and require specialized and expensive eqiupment
32
Q

What are the strengths and limitations of biomarkers ?

A
  • Strengths: objective way of quantifying risk or exposure
  • Limitations: can be costly and time consuming depending on biomaker and many are still indirect measures of drug exposure and do not quanitfy amount of substance that crosses blood-brain barriers to produce psychoactive effects
33
Q

What is included in participate selection ?

A
  • Inclusion and exclusion criteria ( substance history and demographics )
  • Human vs animal
34
Q

What are the Belmont principles ?

A
  • Respect for Persons
  • Deception and debreifing
  • Beneficence
  • Justice
35
Q

What is Respect for Persons ?

A

Protecting the autonomy of all people and protecting those with reduced autonomy

36
Q

What is under Beneficence ?

A
  • Do no harm
  • Minimize risks to participants and maximize benefits of findings
  • Consider “Is there a way to obtain the same knowledge but with lower risk to participants?”
37
Q

What is under Justice ?

A
  • Fair distribution of burdens and benefits of research
  • Concerns who is selected as participants and who ultimately benefits
38
Q

What are additional considerations ?

A
  • Privacy: protecting the person
  • Confidentiality: protexting the data that participants provide
  • Conflicts of interest - financial or personal considerations can compromise researcher’s ability to conduct or report findings from research

Psychology of Addictions (7 decks)

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