Lecture 4

Question 1

According to the Fermentation video, which of these is NOT the four kinds of cells that can handle the no oxygen environment (i.e. do not have to complete aerobic cellular respiration)?

Answer 1

Bacteria, archaea, yeast and muscle cells
These don’t have to complete aerobic cellular respiration because they can handle the no oxygen, for the context of the question it’s wrong but know that these 4 because thing that isn’t these 4 would be right; sulfate

Question 2

According to the Fermentation video, does fermentation produce more or less ATP than aerobic respiration? (and also know why)

Answer 2

Fermentation produces less ATP because there is no oxygen. Fermentation is a way to be able to handle the no oxygen process and it allows for glycolysis to happen as well for it to keep going. In glycolysis you take glucose and it gets converted to pyruvate. This takes a little ATP cost to actually start it up, but overall you make 2 net ATP per glucose molecule and also produce 2 NADH.

Question 3

Why is it bad if an organism keeps on completing ethanol fermentation within a closed container where the ethanol cannot escape as it is created?

Answer 3

More than 12% and it’ll kill the species producing it

Question 4

Why is it a bad thing if an organism produced too much lactate during the fermentation process within the muscle cells?

Answer 4

Muscle Function interruption: effects of excess lactate on muscle, can create scar tissue

Question 5

Glucose is not the only source of energy for our bodies. Which of these macromolecules can also be broken down for energy? (know the information we discussed on the chart on chapter seven slide twenty-seven)

Answer 5

Energy sources: for test know these are other options

Nucleic Acids: is the DNA, don’t really want to do this

Proteins: takes longer, but excellent energy source

Fats: takes longer, but excellent energy source

Question 6

Which statement describes deamination? (only know the information we discussed in class)

Answer 6

The process of breaking down a protein is called this because you are removing the amino acid group from the proteins itself.

Question 7

Which statement describes β-oxidation

Answer 7

breaking down fatty acids + glycerol, a bunch of redox’s to end with acetyl CoA

Starting with some fatty acid + a glycerol, through multiple redox reactions there will
eventually be decarboxylation in 3 steps will become acetyl CoA. Then you go and attach a
coenzyme and then the fatty acid isn’t even used. Can go from fatty acid to glycerol through multiple steps for an end goal of acetyl CoA, run by redox’s reactions.

Question 8

The respiration of a six-carbon fatty acid yields __________ (percent) more ATP than the respiration of glucose. Fill in the blank.

Answer 8

20%

Question 9

A fatty acid will also weigh ___________ (percent or fraction) less than a glucose molecule of the same size (so it can contain more kilocalories in less space). Fill in the blank.

Answer 9

2/3 or 66%

Question 10

According to the video Photosynthesis: Crash Course Biology #8, about how long ago did the first organism use the process of photosynthesis?

Answer 10

450 million years ago

Question 11

According to the video Photosynthesis: Crash Course Biology #8, what three physical components (morphological parts) allow vascular plants to complete photosynthesis

Answer 11

Xylem, stomata, chlorophyll

Question 12

According to the video Photosynthesis: Crash Course Biology #8, within a chloroplast, there is a thylakoid which stores chlorophyll. The thylakoids are stacked into _____________, inside the thylakoids is the ______________, and outside the thylakoids (and technically surrounding it) is the _____________. Fill in the blanks.

Answer 12

1. grana 2.lumen 3. stroma

Question 13

Photosynthesis cannot occur in which of these organisms?

Answer 13

Photosynthesis can occur in the following: Bacteria (some), Algae + Protists, leaves and stems of plants
Anything that is is not the above would be right in the context of the question

Question 14

Which statement describes the overall steps of the light-dependent reactions occurring during photosynthesis?

Answer 14

1. Need sunlight ( to make ATP and NADPH) and 2. Need chloroplast

Question 15

Which statement describes the overall steps of the light-independent reactions occurring during photosynthesis?

Answer 15

With or without light, can really take place at any time. Only thing being done is the energy is taken from ATP and NADPH to do a bunch of reactions and using CO2 you make glucose. From a gas you end with solid.
Carbon fixation: turning a gas to a solid, changing the state (CO2 → glucose)

Question 16

What is the overall equation of the process of photosynthesis? (i.e. know all reactants and products we discussed)

Answer 16

6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy → Glucose (carbon fixation) + 6H2O + 6O2

Question 17

Chloroplasts carry out the photosynthetic process. Know the different parts of the chloroplast we discussed in class (i.e. be able to label the different parts)

Answer 17

Thylakoids: little stacked plates
a. Granum: 1 stack of thylakoids
b. Used in light depend part because inside chloroplast there is thylakoids
c. Getting energy need to create (ATP + NADPH)

Stroma: liquid outside granum
a. Glucose + O2 and organic molecules are made here

Photosystems: antennas where light will be brought to thylakoids, captures all light energy
a. Location inside thylakoids they’ll absorb energy

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

Iamella

Question 18

Where within a chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

Answer 18

Thylakoids

Question 19

Where within a chloroplast do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

Answer 19

Stroma

Question 20

____________ are found within thylakoids and are capable of capturing photons which are used as energy during the photosynthetic process. Fill in the blank.

Answer 20

Photosystems