Lecture 1

Question 1

What is the definition of energy?

Answer 1

The capacity to do work.

Question 2

What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?

Answer 2

Kinetic: using energy to do something → energy of motion
Ex. breaking chemical bond releases energy
Potential energy: storing energy for later
Ex. creating bonds to do so

Question 3

______________ occurs when energy is transferred from one molecule to another and are used in many different biological processes. Fill in the blank.

Answer 3

Redox Reactions

Question 4

What is the difference between oxidation and reduction processes?

Answer 4

oxidation →loss of electrons vs. reduction → gaining electrons

Question 5

______________ is the ability of organisms to store energy in molecules by transferring electrons (i.e. energy) to them. Fill in the blank.

Answer 5

Reducing power

Question 6

Which statement describes any information discussed in class regarding the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 6

• The First Law of Thermodynamics (FLOT):Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only change from one form to another

Ex. When we eat, the food get broken down, we are changing the form of it and removing the energy stored within the glucose molecules
Ex2.or when something goes from potential to kinetic energy
Ex3. Lion consumes a giraffe eats it for energy, plant uses light energy and carbon to create glucose molecules (we cannot do this)
Energy before → energy after (whatever you put in you get out)

• Chemical potential energy in the body can convert into other form and some of the energy dissipates into environment as heat
  The FLOT energy cannot be created or destroyed but doesn’t mean it cannot be transformed into something else and heat is typically a byproduct which is technically still considered to be a part of that energy

Question 7

What is often a byproduct of a chemical reaction (according to the First Law of Thermodynamics)?

Answer 7

Heat

Question 8

Which statement describes any information discussed in class regarding the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 8

The Second Law of Thermodynamics (SLOT): This concerns the transformation of potential energy into heat or random molecular motion, a disorder referred to as entropy.
The universe is continuously increasing, disorder is more likely than order
When one consumes food we don’t use every single tiny bit, like the cellulose in plant, it’s unusable energy or waste material, so disorder is more likely than order, the chances of eating something and utilizing every minute molecule is not possible reason for urine and feces, you will also release heat also considered waste

Question 9

What is the definition of either (a) entropy, (b) or free energy?

Answer 9

Entropy: The measure of disorder in a system
Free Energy: So H can be the one you intake food depending on body process you have to subtract how much energy it takes to break down that food and the leftover is free energy utilize of everyday activities or create adipose tissue or fat in the body, extra used for other process

Question 10

What is the equation for Gibbs free energy?

Answer 10

G = H – TS

Question 11

What does each letter represent (the word and what it means) within the equation for Gibbs free energy?

Answer 11

Gibbs Free Energy Equation: The amount of energy available to break and subsequently form other chemical bonds, energy available to do work
H- enthalpy (energy contained in a molecules chemical bonds)
T- when ones consumes food, they need to subtract the heat energy and the temperature they’re dealing with
Entropy (S)- energy unavailable cause of disorder
When H is subtracted from TH, this tells one Gibbs Free Energy, the amount available to actually do something in the body

Question 12

What is the difference between an endergonic and exergonic reaction?

Answer 12

Endergonic: reaction that requires input of energy (called “plus G”)
Exergonic: if you want to release energy and you go from a reactant to a product, any reaction that requires the release of excess energy in terms of heat is exergonic (called “negative G”)

Question 13

What is the definition of activation energy?

Answer 13

Activation Energy: The energy required to destabilize existing chemical bonds and initiate a chemical bonds, energy needed to start a reaction

Question 14

How are catalysts useful for completing chemical reactions?

Answer 14

If one uses catalyst, reaction activation energy needed is lessened, something not using a catalyst require more activation energy to begin a chemical reaction

Question 15

Which statement does not describe the structure of ATP?

Answer 15

ATP (ademine triphosphate) is a nucleotide with three smaller components: Ribose, adenine nitrogen group, triphosphate group, its main component of monomer is nucleotide
The statment above describes the components of ATP. Anything that controdicts the statment would be correct in the context of the question.

Question 16

How does ATP store and release energy (know the specific bond we discussed)?

Answer 16

ATP stores energy in the bonds between the phosphate groups which have a low activation energy to be broken, can release a lot on energy when broken
Turns from ATP → breaks of phosphate a becomes ADP (Adenine diphosphate) → add phosphate group to build up energy again.

Question 17

What is the difference between the structures of ATP and ADP (there is only one main difference we discussed in class)?

Answer 17

ATP has an extra phosphate group while ADP only has 2.
Hint: ATP (T- Triphosphate) vs. ADP (Diphosphate)
Tri: means 3 and Di: means 2

Question 18

Cells use proteins called ___________ as catalysts to lower activation energy during chemical reactions. Fill in the blank.

Answer 18

enzymes

Question 19

What is a substrate?

Answer 19

Will attach to the active site of the enzyme, it’ll hold it, enclose upon it, change it and then once released it’ll be a completely different component, in simple terms it’s the molecule

Question 20

What is the definition of the active site of an enzyme?

Answer 20

Active Site: where it’s actively accepting something to go and do a reaction. It’s usually where the substrate binds to the enzymes, a specific area (pocket or cleft in enzyme)

Question 21

What is the definition of an enzyme-substrate complex?

Answer 21

When the substrate and enzyme are connected and different chemical process take place inside the area, substrate will bind to the actual enzyme and it’ll be the active site and then undergo a chemical reaction

Question 22

What is the definition of a multienzyme?

Answer 22

Multienzyme Complexes: When several enzymes catalyze different steps of a sequence of reaction and are associated with one another in non-covalent bonding assemblies
Explained: you don’t just have enzyme and substrate attaching, multiple reactions might need to occur in order to actually do something

Question 23

Which is not an advantage of using multienzymes verses regular enzymes?

Answer 23

There are 3 main advantages: The statement above describes the components of ATP. Anything that contradicts the statement would be correct in the context of the question.

a. Rate of any enzyme is limited by how often the enzyme collides with a substance, so it’ll collide much faster if it’s right next to another enzyme.

b. Reacting substance does not leave the complex while it goes through a series of reactions, so side reactions are not possible.

c. All of the reactions that take place in the MEC can be controlled as a unit, chances of something going wrong is minimal.

Question 24

________ are chemical components which assist in an enzyme’s function. ________ are when the cofactor is a non-protein organic molecules (i.e. vitamins). Fill in the blanks.

Answer 24

1. Cofactors
2. Coenzyme

Question 25

For specific enzymes, what happens when a cofactor is not attached to its designed enzyme?

Answer 25

Remember just became we have the enzymes doesn’t mean they can carry out process all on their own, vitamin are big example of coenzymes because they get a chemical process going

Question 26

Which statement explains how temperature and pH can affect enzymes?

Answer 26

Temperature: increase temp. → increase rate of reaction

Normally all different types of temperatures each enzyme can function at, different optimal operating temperatures for each enzyme
PH: as pH value is increased above or decreased below the optimum pH the enzyme activity decreases

Question 27

What is the definition of an enzymatic inhibitor?

Answer 27

substance that bind to enzyme and decrease activity

Question 28

What is the difference between a competitive inhibitor and noncompetitive inhibitor?

Answer 28

Competitive Inhibitor: If inhibitor attaches to active site, because it competes with substrate for the same active site displacing a percentage of substrate molecules from the enzyme

Noncompetitive Inhibitor: The allosteric inhibitor changes of shape of enzyme so it cannot bind to substrate, turns it off

Question 29

What is the definition of an allosteric site of an enzyme?

Answer 29

chemical on or off switch that some enzymes have, if nothing is in it then you are perfectly fine, can work for or against it, if inhibitor is attached you cannot complete any type of chemical reaction or enzyme substrate reaction

Question 30

What is the definition of either an (a) allosteric inhibitor or (b) allosteric activator?

Answer 30

Allosteric inhibitors modify the active site of the enzyme so that substrate binding is reduced or prevented. In contrast, allosteric activators modify the active site of the enzyme so that the affinity for the substrate increases.

Question 31

What is the definition of a biochemical pathway?

Answer 31

Any type of reaction that involves enzymes, the product of one reaction becomes the substrate to the next reactant

Question 32

What is the definition of metabolism?

Answer 32

total of all chemical reactions carried out by organisms, only two process (make or break)

Question 33

What is the difference between the metabolic processes of catabolism and anabolism?
Anabolism: type of reaction that expends energy to make or transform chemical bonds
Ex. During photosynthesis form and make glucose in a simple product
Catabolism: reactions that harvest energy when chemical bond are broken
Ex. We do this when we eat food, break it down for energy, cellular respiration

Answer 33

Anabolism: type of reaction that expends energy to make or transform chemical bonds
Ex. During photosynthesis form and make glucose in a simple product

Catabolism: reactions that harvest energy when chemical bond are broken
Ex. We do this when we eat food, break it down for energy, cellular respiration

Question 34

Many different biochemical pathways regulate their metabolic processes by using feedback inhibition pathways. What is the definition of feedback inhibition?

Feedback inhibition: biochemical pathway in which the final product becomes the allosteric inhibitor for the first enzyme in the pathway
Why?: When there are too many it eventually has to stop

Answer 34

Feedback inhibition: biochemical pathway in which the final product becomes the allosteric inhibitor for the first enzyme in the pathway

Why?: When there are too many it eventually has to stop