Lecture 1 Flashcards
(34 cards)
What is the definition of energy?
The capacity to do work.
What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?
Kinetic: using energy to do something → energy of motion
Ex. breaking chemical bond releases energy
Potential energy: storing energy for later
Ex. creating bonds to do so
______________ occurs when energy is transferred from one molecule to another and are used in many different biological processes. Fill in the blank.
Redox Reactions
What is the difference between oxidation and reduction processes?
oxidation →loss of electrons vs. reduction → gaining electrons
______________ is the ability of organisms to store energy in molecules by transferring electrons (i.e. energy) to them. Fill in the blank.
Reducing power
Which statement describes any information discussed in class regarding the First Law of Thermodynamics?
- The First Law of Thermodynamics (FLOT):Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only change from one form to another
Ex. When we eat, the food get broken down, we are changing the form of it and removing the energy stored within the glucose molecules
Ex2.or when something goes from potential to kinetic energy
Ex3. Lion consumes a giraffe eats it for energy, plant uses light energy and carbon to create glucose molecules (we cannot do this)
Energy before → energy after (whatever you put in you get out)
- Chemical potential energy in the body can convert into other form and some of the energy dissipates into environment as heat
The FLOT energy cannot be created or destroyed but doesn’t mean it cannot be transformed into something else and heat is typically a byproduct which is technically still considered to be a part of that energy
What is often a byproduct of a chemical reaction (according to the First Law of Thermodynamics)?
Heat
Which statement describes any information discussed in class regarding the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
The Second Law of Thermodynamics (SLOT): This concerns the transformation of potential energy into heat or random molecular motion, a disorder referred to as entropy.
The universe is continuously increasing, disorder is more likely than order
When one consumes food we don’t use every single tiny bit, like the cellulose in plant, it’s unusable energy or waste material, so disorder is more likely than order, the chances of eating something and utilizing every minute molecule is not possible reason for urine and feces, you will also release heat also considered waste
What is the definition of either (a) entropy, (b) or free energy?
Entropy: The measure of disorder in a system
Free Energy: So H can be the one you intake food depending on body process you have to subtract how much energy it takes to break down that food and the leftover is free energy utilize of everyday activities or create adipose tissue or fat in the body, extra used for other process
What is the equation for Gibbs free energy?
G = H – TS
What does each letter represent (the word and what it means) within the equation for Gibbs free energy?
Gibbs Free Energy Equation: The amount of energy available to break and subsequently form other chemical bonds, energy available to do work
H- enthalpy (energy contained in a molecules chemical bonds)
T- when ones consumes food, they need to subtract the heat energy and the temperature they’re dealing with
Entropy (S)- energy unavailable cause of disorder
When H is subtracted from TH, this tells one Gibbs Free Energy, the amount available to actually do something in the body
What is the difference between an endergonic and exergonic reaction?
Endergonic: reaction that requires input of energy (called “plus G”)
Exergonic: if you want to release energy and you go from a reactant to a product, any reaction that requires the release of excess energy in terms of heat is exergonic (called “negative G”)
What is the definition of activation energy?
Activation Energy: The energy required to destabilize existing chemical bonds and initiate a chemical bonds, energy needed to start a reaction
How are catalysts useful for completing chemical reactions?
If one uses catalyst, reaction activation energy needed is lessened, something not using a catalyst require more activation energy to begin a chemical reaction
Which statement does not describe the structure of ATP?
ATP (ademine triphosphate) is a nucleotide with three smaller components: Ribose, adenine nitrogen group, triphosphate group, its main component of monomer is nucleotide
The statment above describes the components of ATP. Anything that controdicts the statment would be correct in the context of the question.
How does ATP store and release energy (know the specific bond we discussed)?
ATP stores energy in the bonds between the phosphate groups which have a low activation energy to be broken, can release a lot on energy when broken
Turns from ATP → breaks of phosphate a becomes ADP (Adenine diphosphate) → add phosphate group to build up energy again.
What is the difference between the structures of ATP and ADP (there is only one main difference we discussed in class)?
ATP has an extra phosphate group while ADP only has 2.
Hint: ATP (T- Triphosphate) vs. ADP (Diphosphate)
Tri: means 3 and Di: means 2
Cells use proteins called ___________ as catalysts to lower activation energy during chemical reactions. Fill in the blank.
enzymes
What is a substrate?
Will attach to the active site of the enzyme, it’ll hold it, enclose upon it, change it and then once released it’ll be a completely different component, in simple terms it’s the molecule
What is the definition of the active site of an enzyme?
Active Site: where it’s actively accepting something to go and do a reaction. It’s usually where the substrate binds to the enzymes, a specific area (pocket or cleft in enzyme)
What is the definition of an enzyme-substrate complex?
When the substrate and enzyme are connected and different chemical process take place inside the area, substrate will bind to the actual enzyme and it’ll be the active site and then undergo a chemical reaction
What is the definition of a multienzyme?
Multienzyme Complexes: When several enzymes catalyze different steps of a sequence of reaction and are associated with one another in non-covalent bonding assemblies
Explained: you don’t just have enzyme and substrate attaching, multiple reactions might need to occur in order to actually do something
Which is not an advantage of using multienzymes verses regular enzymes?
There are 3 main advantages: The statement above describes the components of ATP. Anything that contradicts the statement would be correct in the context of the question.
a. Rate of any enzyme is limited by how often the enzyme collides with a substance, so it’ll collide much faster if it’s right next to another enzyme.
b. Reacting substance does not leave the complex while it goes through a series of reactions, so side reactions are not possible.
c. All of the reactions that take place in the MEC can be controlled as a unit, chances of something going wrong is minimal.
________ are chemical components which assist in an enzyme’s function. ________ are when the cofactor is a non-protein organic molecules (i.e. vitamins). Fill in the blanks.
- Cofactors
- Coenzyme
