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Bio 1 (101-NYA-05) > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

all living things are made up of which classes of biological molecules?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
  • lipids
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2
Q

describe a monomer

A

a single biomolecule

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3
Q

describe a macromolecule

A

a large biomolecule made of smaller subunits that may or may not be identical. don’t have to be attached end to end.

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4
Q

describe a polymer.

A

long molecule made up of several similar or indentical subunits (monomers)

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5
Q

which biomelecules form polymers

A

carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids

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6
Q

how do two or more biomolecules form a polymer

A

dehydration synthesis.

  1. short polymer looses an H. unlinked monomer looses an OH. this forms water.
  2. a bond forms between the short polymer and the unlinked monomer.
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7
Q

How do you break down a polymer into monomers

A

hydrolysis

adds a water molecule, breaking a bond.
1 water = break 1 bond.

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8
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates?

A

energy source OR building material

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9
Q

what are the monomers of carbohydrates called?

A

monosaccharides

includes sugars

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10
Q

monosaccharides function

A

major fuel for cells and as a raw material for building molecules and as a raw material for building larger organic molecules.

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11
Q

what is the formula/ration of monosaccharides?

A

CH2O

1 carbon: 2 H: 1 O

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12
Q

What shape do the molecules of monosaccharides have?

A

drawn as a linear skeleton.

In aqueous solutions they form rings

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13
Q

what are the types of monosaccharides?

A

alpha glucose and beta glucose

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14
Q

describe alpha glucose structure

A

OH on the right (carbon 1) points down. matches the left side (carbon 4)

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15
Q

describe beta glucose structure.

A

OH on right (carbon 1) points up. opposite the the left side (carbon 4)

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16
Q

describe disaccharides

A

forms when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.

the bond between them is called a glycosidic linkage

17
Q

what is the bond between monosaccharides caleed

A

glycosidic linkages

18
Q

what are long chains of linked monosaccharides called?

A

polysaccharides

19
Q

what is the formula for polysacharrides

A

a factor of CH2O

20
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

long chains of linked monosaccharides

21
Q

what are the function of polysaccharides?

A

energy storage OR structural support

22
Q

describe the energy strorage function of polysaccharides

A
  • storage polysaccharides in plants are called starches (amylose and amylopectin)
  • storage in polysaccharide in animals and fungi is called glycogen
  • all made of ALPHA GLUCOSE
23
Q

describe the structural support function of polysaccharides

A
  • structural polysaccharide in plants is called cellulose
  • structural polysaccharide in fungi is called chitin
  • all made of BETA GLUCOSE
24
Q

what happens when plants produce more alpha glucose (by photosynthesis) than they can use?

A

they store the excess in the form of starch

25
Q

what is a starch polymer

A

formed by alpha glucose monomers linked through glycosidic bonds

26
Q

Name the types of starch

A

amylose

amylopectin

27
Q

describe amylose

A

starch.

linear, unbranched, helical polymer

28
Q

describe amylopectin

A

starch

branched polymer

29
Q

what happens when fungi and animals absorb/ingest more alpha glucose than they can use?

A

they store some excess in the form of glycogen

30
Q

what is a glycigen polymer formed of

A

alpha glucose monomers

31
Q

what is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells

A

cellulose

32
Q

what is cellulose

A

i a major component of the tough wall of plant cells

  • polymer of glucose, different glycosidic linkages
  • difference is because it is made of BETA GLUCOSE
33
Q

describe cellulose structure

A

unbranched. long strands layered and linkedd by H-bonds.

34
Q

how does cellulose pass through the digestive tract? why?

A

as insoluble fiber

bc enzymes that hydrolyze alpha linkages in starch cannot hydrolyze beta linkages in cellulose

  • some microbiomes have enzymes that digest cellulose
  • herbivores have symbiotic relationships with these microbes
35
Q

describe structural support in fungi and animals.

A

chitin, a structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods (insects and crustaceans) and fungal cell walls

36
Q

describe structure on chitin molecule

A

beta glucose with a NHCOCH3 attached to carbon 2

Bio 1 (101-NYA-05) (8 decks)

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