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Bio 1 (101-NYA-05) > Lecture 1 - Scientific Method > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Scientific Method Flashcards

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1
Q

What type(s) of reasoning does science use?

A

Deductive and inductive

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2
Q

Describe DEDUCTIVE reasoning.

A

A type of logic in which one goes from a general statement to a specific instance.

-> Start with what you know and apply it to other things to expand your knowledge.

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3
Q

Give an example of DEDUCTIVE reasoning (liking pizza).

A

Premise 1: All students in NYA like pizza
Premise 2: Fatema is a student in NYA
Conclusion: Therefore, I can conclude that Fatema likes pizza

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4
Q

When is a conclusion true when using DEDUCTIVE reasoning?

A

If all of the premises are true, then so is the conclusion.

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5
Q

Describe INDUCTIVE reasoning.

A

Involves going from a series of specific cases to a general statement.

  • > start specific, make it general to reach a conclusion
  • more changeable/malleable than deductive.
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6
Q

Give an example of INDUCTIVE reasoning (liking pizza).

A

Premise 1: Fatema likes pizza
Premise 2: Andrew likes pizza
Premise 3: Maya likes pizza

Conclusion: Therefore, all students in NYA like pizza

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7
Q

If the premises of inductive reasoning are true, is the conclusion true?

A

Not necessarily.
Even if the premises are true, the conclusion can be false.

Science provides support for/against a theory, and does not produce facts.

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8
Q

Which type(s) of reasoning can be used to prove facts?

A

Deductive. If the premises are true, the conclusion is true.

You can never prove anything using inductive reasoning, but you can disprove.

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9
Q

Is the following inductive or deductive reasoning?

All fruits are plants. An apple is a fruit. Therefore, apples are plants.

A

Deductive.

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10
Q

Is the following inductive or deductive reasoning?

The coin I pulled from my bag is a penny. A second coin pulled from the bag is a penny. A third coin pulled is a penny. Therefore, all the coins in the bag are pennies.

A

Inductive.

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11
Q

What is data?

A

Recorded observations or items of information that fall into two categories: Quantitative and Qualitative.

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12
Q

What are the types of data?

A

Qualitative and quantitative.

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13
Q

Describe qualitative data. Give examples.

A

Description rather than numerical measurements.

Ex: colour, smell, shape

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14
Q

Describe quantitative data. Give examples.

A

Information in the form of numerical measurements.

Ex: size, weight, duration, count

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15
Q

What type of reasoning does the scientific method use (generally)?

A

Inductive

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16
Q

Describe observation.

A
  • Act of viewing the world around us.
  • Allow us to ask focused questions about nature.
  • The most important component of scientific method.
17
Q

Describe hypothesis.

A
  • Tentative explanations of observed phenomenon based on research or knowledge.
  • A statement of cause and effect.
18
Q

Describe predictions.

A
  • Your prediction lets you get specific, how will you demonstrate the hypothesis is true.
  • Can be tested experimentally.
19
Q

Describe experiments.

A
  • Protocol developed with the goal of supporting or refuting a hypothesis.
  • Provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated.
20
Q

Describe a theory.

A
  • General explanations of natural phenomena supported by many experiments and observations.
  • Only as good as the amount of evidence that support them.
21
Q

When observing a phenomenon, what is it important to evaluate?

A
  • unique to the individual, subject, or system that you are observing.
  • shared amongst some or many individuals subjects or systems
22
Q

Describe variability.

A

Can be expressed as the “variance of the system”:

  • measures how far a set of numbers is spread out
23
Q

Describe small variance.

A

Indicates the data are cluttered tightly around the average

- little variability

24
Q

Describe large variance.

A

Indicates the data are spread out (lots of different observations)
- high variability

25
Q

Describe a controlled experiment.

A

Compares an experimental group (one that is altered) with a control group (one that is not changed)

Ideally, the only variable of interest differs between two groups.

26
Q

Describe a variable.

A

something that is changed

27
Q

Describe a control

A

Something that does not change across testing groups.

28
Q

Describe an independent variable.

A

Factor that is changed by the person doing the experiment.

29
Q

Describe the experimental group.

A

Group where the independent variable is changed.

30
Q

Describe the control group.

A

Group where the independent variable is not changed (default)

31
Q

Describe the dependent variable.

A

The factor measured in the experiment.

Bio 1 (101-NYA-05) (8 decks)

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