Lecture 2 - Biological Themes Flashcards
Name the characteristics of living things.
- Cellular organization
- Sensitivity
- Reproduce
- Evolve
- Grow and develop
- Process energy
Describe cellular organization.
All life consists of 1+ cells with precise spatial organization on several levels.
Describe sensitivity.
Responds to stimuli.
Describe reproduce.
Hereditary molecules passed to offspring.
Describe evolve.
Change (such that genes in a population change) as a result of interactions with other organisms in the environment.
Describe grow and develop.
Ex. fetal growth. its in the name.
Describe process energy
Take energy from sun or chemical bonds to power cellular processes and acquire biomass
Describe emergent properties.
Properties that emerge when going up a biological level of organization.
Describe cells
smallest functional unit of life
Describe tissues
made up of common cell type.
List biological levels of organization in increasing order.
- cells
- tissues
- organ
- organ systems
- organism
- population
- community
- ecosystem
- biosphere
Describe organs
made of multiple cell types
Describe organ systems
group of organs performing related functions
Describe organisms
individual living things made of several organ systems
describe populations
group of organisms of one type (species) living in the same area
describe community
populations that live together in a defined area
Ex: food chains
describe ecosystem
community and its nonliving surroundings (soil, sun, rain)
describe biosphere
the part of the earth that contains all ecosytems
What is the level?
Observing the change in number of dandelions in a field
population
What is the level?
looking at how many rabbits each wolf eats in a year
community
What is the level?
investigation how many materials are moved around neurons
cellular
describe Linnean classification
groups species in increasingly broad categories
List the categories in Linnean classification in order of broadest to most specific
- domain
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
Describe binomial nomenclature
genus + species
first letter of genus capitalized. all italicized.
Name the three domains
- domain bacteria
- domain archaea
- domain eukarya
Describe prokaryotes
- Includes Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea
Generalizations:
- very small
- no nucleus
- no internal membranes
- have cell walls
Describe eukaryotes
- Includes Domain Eukarya
Generalizations:
- Large
- nucleus
- organelles
Describe domain bacteria
- unicellular
- autotrophic or heterotrophic
- cell walls contain peptidoglycan (protein/sugar)
- can be harmful (pathogenic) or helpful (decomposers, digestion)
Describe domain archaea
- autotrophic or heterotrophic
- cell walls DO NOT contain peptidoglycan
- live in extreme environments:
- -methanogens (produce methane)
- halophiles (high salt)
- thermophiles (high temperatures)
- acidophiles (high pH)
Describe domain eukarya
divided into 4 kingdoms
- plantae
- fungi
- animalia
- protists
Describe kingdom animalia
- ALL multicellular organisms
- heterotrophs (feed through ingestion)
- lack cell walls
- greater mobility (some sessile)
- Ecological role: consumers
Describe kindgom plantae
- ALL multicellular organisms
- autotrophs (produce their own energy through photosynthesis)
- have cellulose cell walls
- ecological role: primary producers
Describe kingdom fungi
- most are multi cellular (some uni)
- have hyphae (stringy cells) and chitin walls
- heterotrophs; saprotrophs (feed by absorption of nutrients after decomposing organic material) and parasites
- ecological role: decomposers or parasites
Describe kingdom protista
- do not form a natural group; often grouped together for convinience
- mostly unicellular organisms (a few multi)
- various metabolic strategies (photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, saprotrophs)
