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Genetics > Lecture 3a and b: > Flashcards

Lecture 3a and b: Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Epigenetic inheritance primarily occurs through…

A

meiosis

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2
Q

Two or more genes derived from a common ancestor are

A

Homologous

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3
Q

Homologous genes within a single species are (have a common ancestor)…

A

paralogs

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4
Q

Different paralogs carry out ____ functions

A

similar but distinct

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5
Q

the branch of biology linking the study of genetic inheritance
with the study of cell structure, especially for human
chromosome analysis for the detection of inheritable diseases.

A

Cytogenetics

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6
Q

A karyotype is
the ___
chromosomes
photographed and
arranged from
largest
to smallest

A

mitotic

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7
Q

Shortest chromosome is seen in….

A

anaphase

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8
Q

Chromosomes can be classified according to the

A

location of the centrosome

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9
Q

Middle centromere location

A

Metacentric

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10
Q

Longer arm and shorter arm on chromosome

A

submetacentric

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11
Q

Very short arms on a chromosome

A

Acrocentric

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12
Q

Humans don’t have any ___ centromeres, but mice do

A

Telocentric

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13
Q

What occurs in Robertsonian Translocations

A

the long arms of two acrocentric chromosomes have fused

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14
Q

One example of a Robertsonian translocation is

A

Familial Down Syndrome

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15
Q

In Familial Down Syndrome, the translocation is always between chromosomes….

A

14 and 21

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16
Q

Simple translocation involves a

A

DNA swap

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17
Q

Reciprocal translocation involves

A

2 chromosomes that swap arms

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18
Q

A chromosomal duplication is usually caused by

A

abnormal recombination

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19
Q

Misaligned crossovers occur at what sites?

A

Recombination at sites of homology

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20
Q

when 2 chromosomes shear at the same time, dna repair enzymes recognize broken ends and incorrectly connect them

A

reciprocal translocation

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21
Q

Reciprocal translocation can occur from ____ crossover

A

nonhomologous

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22
Q

What chromosome is different between homo sapiens and pan troglodytes (chimps)

A

2

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23
Q

At chromosome 2,
In chimps:
In humans:

A

In chimps: both acrocentric
In humans: 1 acrocentric

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24
Q

What chromosomes fused in humans that didn’t in chimps

A

2a and 2b

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25
Q

DNA consists of two complementary strands
held together by

A

h bonds

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26
Q

phenomenon in which sections of the
genome are tandemly repeated and the number of repeats in the
genome varies between individuals.

A

copy number variation

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27
Q

Approximately ____ of the human genome is subject to copy number variations (such as segmental duplication)

A

5%

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28
Q

A hybridized fluorescent probe is used on what kind of chromosome?

A

metaphase (mitotic)

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29
Q

Process of fluorescent hybridizing chromosomes

A

Heat up chromosome, add short single stranded DNA with a fluorescent chemical, and cool it down

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30
Q

How many bases does it take to have a unique address in a chromosome

A

20-25

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31
Q

Dna winds around what protein

A

histone

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32
Q

DNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (DNA FISH) to what chromosomes

A

to mitotic chromosomes and to interphase chromosomes

33
Q

Some specific translocations occur quite frequently such as the fusion of

A

BCR and ABL1 (philadelphia chromosome)

34
Q

every chromosome has a differently
colored chromosome paint

A

Spectral Karyotyping (SKY)

35
Q

Most species of animals are

A

diploid

36
Q

___ in animals is generally a lethal condition

A

Polyploidy

37
Q

Male bees (drones) are…

A

monoploid

38
Q

In many instances, ___ strains of plants display outstanding agricultural characteristics

A

polyploid

39
Q

If polyploid plants have an ___ number of chromosome sets, they are usually sterile

A

odd

40
Q

Polyploid plants that have an odd number of chromosomes produce highly….

A

aneuploid gametes

41
Q

What in polyploidy is usually a detrimental trait

A

sterility

42
Q

Sterility can be agriculturally desirable
because it may result in:

A

Seedless fruit and flowers

43
Q

There are three natural mechanisms by
which the chromosome number of a
species can vary….

A
  1. Meiotic nondisjunction
  2. Mitotic abnormalities
  3. Interspecies crosses
44
Q

refers to the failure of chromosomes to segregate properly during anaphase

A

nondisjunction

45
Q

Meiotic nondisjunction can produce what kind of cells

A

haploid cells that have too many or too few chromosomes (aneuploid)

46
Q

In meiotic nondisjunction: if such a gamete participates in fertilization, the resulting individual will have an…

A

abnormal chromosomal composition in all of its cells

47
Q

Nondisjunction in meiosis 1 vs meiosis 2

A

Meiosis 1: ALL 4 GAMETES abnormal
Meiosis 2: half of gametes normal and half abnormal

47
Q

Nondisjunction in meiosis 1 vs meiosis 2

A

Meiosis 1: ALL 4 GAMETES abnormal
Meiosis 2: half of gametes normal and half abnormal

48
Q

Abnormalities in chromosome number
often occur after fertilization in…

A

mitosis

49
Q

If a mitotic abnormality doesn’t kill the cell, then the person with the cell can become a

A

mosaic

50
Q

Sister chromatids separate improperly

A

Mitotic disjunction

51
Q

Leads to trisomic and monosomic daughter cells

A

Mitotic disjunction

52
Q

One of the sister chromatids does not migrate to a pole

A

chromosome loss

53
Q

What are the two mitotic abnormalities

A
  1. Mitotic disjunction
  2. Chromosome loss
54
Q

A much more common mechanism for changes in
the number of sets of chromosomes is

A

alloploidy

55
Q

In mitotic disjunction, the chromosomes are pulled by…

A

deploymerization

56
Q

What is the result of interspecies crosses?

A

alloploidy

57
Q

No synapsis between the 9 radish and 9 cabbage chromosomes in what variant

A

allodiploid

58
Q

proper synapsis between the 18 radish chromosomes and the 18 cabbage chromosomes in what variant

A

allotetraploid

59
Q

individual cells are mixed together and
made to fuse

A

cell fusion

60
Q

Cell fusion can create new strains of…

A

allotetraploid plants

61
Q

It allows the crossing of two species that cannot interbreed
naturally

A

cell fusion

62
Q

Cells without cell walls

A

protoplasts

63
Q

cells with two seperate nuclei

A

heterokaryon

64
Q

We think that the road to life began with
a polymer called

A

RNA

65
Q

In both RNA and DNA, a base and
a sugar (no phosphate) is called a

A

nucleoside

66
Q

The sugar of an RNA nucleotide is called

A

ribose

67
Q

Ribose consists of a ring of ___ carbon atoms and ___ oxygen plus ___ more carbon

A

4, 1, 1

68
Q

The adenine and guanine bases are

A

purines

69
Q

The uracil and cytosine bases are

A

pyrimidines

70
Q

The RNA nucleotides that are precursors to RNA
polymers have ___ phosphates
and are called

A

3, tri-phosphates

71
Q

In the covalent bonds linking oxygen to hydrogen and
nitrogen to hydrogen the, ___ have
stronger affinities for the shared electrons than ___

A

oxygen and nitrogen, hydrogen

72
Q

What bond: The partial negative charges of oxygen and nitrogen
attract hydrogens with partial positive charges

A

hydrogen bonds

73
Q

It always takes ___ atoms to make an H-bond.

A

3

74
Q

What bonds are important in the 3D structure of RNA: folds back on each other and base pairs

A

H bonds

75
Q

Some longer RNA molecules are able to catalyze
chemical reactions if they have nucleotide sequences
that make them fold in a way that creates

A

catalytic sites

76
Q

1st enzymes ever

A

RNA

77
Q

Refers to a period on Earth in which RNA molecules,
but not DNA or proteins, were replicating

A

RNA world

78
Q

In RNA world, RNA would have carried out three functions:

A

catalytic activity, self-replication, info storage

Genetics (11 decks)

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