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Genetics > Lecture 1a: Mendelian inheritance > Flashcards

Lecture 1a: Mendelian inheritance Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What theory: all parts of the body make seeds that are then collected and transmitted to offspring

A

Theory of Pangenesis (Hippocrates)

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2
Q

What theory: a tiny human called a homunculus (little man) in a sperm. Father entirely responsible for inheritance. Resemblence to mom comes from womb influences.

A

Spermists

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3
Q

What theory: Mom’s egg entirely responsible for inheritance. Sperm only stimulates egg to develop.

A

Ovists

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4
Q

What theory: Factors that dictate inheritance mix together from generation to generation.

A

Blending

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5
Q

Father of genetics

A

Mendel

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6
Q

Mendel attributed his work to…

A

physics, laws, and grafting trees (precision of detail)

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7
Q

is a plant or animal that has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female genders

A

Hermaphordite

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8
Q

Examples of hermaphrodites

A

snails and plants

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9
Q

Mendel studied what plant and why

A

Pea plants:
1. different varieties. with different characteristics
2. allowed easy crosses where parents can be controlled

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10
Q

Contain the pollen grains, where the male gametes are produced

A

anther

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11
Q

Pollen, produced by athers, floats to another plant or sticks to a ___

A

stigma (self-fertilize)

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12
Q

Provide food for the embryo

A

endosperm

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13
Q

How many sperms/nucleus are in the pollen tube

A

2

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14
Q

Pollen tube grows into a

A

micropyle

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15
Q

In fertilization of pollen with sperm, 1 sperm ___ and another sperm ___

A

fertilizes egg (zygote 2n)
fertilizes diploid (endosperm 3n)

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16
Q

Mendel carried out what two types of crosses?

A

Self fertilization (scissors)
cross fertilization (paint brush)

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17
Q

Pollen and egg are derived from dif plants in ___ to produce seeds

A

cross fertilization

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18
Q

The mating or crossing between two individuals that have different characteristics

A

hybridization

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19
Q

The offspring that result from such a mating

A

Hybrids

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20
Q

The morphological characteristics of an organism are termed

A

characteristics or traits

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21
Q

A variety that produces the same trait over several generations is termed a

A

true breeder

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22
Q

Example of a true breeder

A

only making dwarf plants

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23
Q

How many traits did Mendel study? Each trait showed how many variants?

A

7, 2

24
Q

The seed color of a pea: green or yellow–What is mutant?

A

green

25
Q

Mendel first crossed only two variants of 1 trait at a time: What kind of cross

A

Monohybrid

26
Q

Even though a tall plant has TT, in a cross it only gives off…

A

One T

27
Q

When Mendel crosses a tall and dwarf plant, F1 was ____. The F1 generation then self fertilizes to produce F2 generation. The ratio of this was __.

A

Tt (tall), 3:1

28
Q

From Mendels monohybrid cross, he concluded that…

A

2 copies of inheritance and every plant has 2 copies

29
Q

The two copies of a gene segregate (or separate) from each other during transmission from parent to offspring

A

Mendel’s law of segregation

30
Q

The two hereditary factors a pea plant contains from each parent may be the same or different. If different, one is ___ and the other is ___

A

dominant and recessive

31
Q

During gamete (sperm and egg) formation, the paired factors segregate ____

A

Randomly

32
Q

Mendels results of 3:1 ratio of the two parental traits refuted what theory? Suggested what theory instead?

A

refuted a blending mechanism of heredity; particulate theory of inheritance

33
Q

Completely Defective copies of genes are called…

A

“loss of function alleles”

34
Q

Mendel’s ‘factors’ are now called

A

genes

35
Q

different versions of the same gene

A

Alleles

36
Q

An individual with two identical alleles of a gene is termed…

An individual with two different alleles of a gene, is termed

A

homozygous
heterozygous

37
Q

refers to the specific allelic composition of an individual

A

Genotype

38
Q

refers to the outward appearance of an individual

A

Phenotype

39
Q

an intact fully functional copy/allele/version of a gene

A

Wild Type allele

40
Q

a totally non-functional allele

A

Null allele

41
Q

enables one to predict the outcome of simple genetic crosses

A

Punnett square

42
Q

Crossing individual plants that differ in two traits

A

Dihybrid Cross

43
Q

Mendel reasoned that seed texture and color could either come from

A

the same inheritance particle or from separate inheritance particles

44
Q

In a dihybrid cross, what is the ratio

A

9:3:3:1

45
Q

The traits of color and smoothness arrived from

A

different inheritance factors or genes

46
Q

During gamete formation, the segregation of any pair of hereditary determinants is ___ of the segregation of other pairs because ___

A

independent, on different chromosomes

47
Q

The accuracy of the probability prediction depends largely on the

A

size of the sample

48
Q

Random sampling error is large for ___ and small for ___

A

small samples, large samples

49
Q

The probability that one OR the other of two mutually exclusive outcomes will occur is the sum of their respective probabilities

A

Sum Rule

50
Q

Example of sum rule

A

You have a 14% chance of dying of cancer
You have a 17% chance of dying of heart disease
You, therefore, have a 14 + 17 = 31% chance of dying from cancer or heart disease

51
Q

The probability of getting either one of two mutually exclusive events is the…

A

sum of the two probabilities

52
Q

When rolling a dice, getting a 5 or a 2 are what kind of events

A

mutually exclusive events

53
Q

the probability of rolling a “5” is 1/6
the probability of rolling a “2” is 1/6

The probability of rolling a 5 or a 2 is…

A

1/6 + 1/6 = 2/6 = 1/3

54
Q

The probability an outcome involving one gene and another outcome involving another gene will occur at the same time is equal to the….

A

product of their respective probabilities

55
Q

Ry vs. rY vs. ry vs. RY

A

Ry: round and green
rY: wrinkled and yellow
ry: green and wrinkled
RY: round and yellow

Genetics (11 decks)

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