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Genetics > Lecture 1b: Mend. Inheritance and Chromosome Transmission > Flashcards

Lecture 1b: Mend. Inheritance and Chromosome Transmission Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

congenital analgesia is a __ trait in humans

A

recessive (homologous)

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2
Q

Two individuals heterozygous for the
congenetal analgesia plan
to start a family and want to have 3 kids.
What is the probability that all three
of the couple’s children will
have congenital analgesia?
Pp x Pp

A
  1. Individual probability: 1/4
  2. For three kids: 1/4 x 1/4 x 1/4= 1/64
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3
Q

Usually contain a single type of circular chromosome

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

Regulates nutrient uptake and waste excretion

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

Chromosomes in prokaryotes are found where

A

nucleoids

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6
Q

Outside the membrane of prokaryotes there is a

A

rigid cell wall

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7
Q

Doesn’t contain a nucleus

A

Prokaryotes

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8
Q

Reproduce Asexually by Binary Fission

A

Prokaryotes

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9
Q

Then the cell divides into two daughter cells by a process termed

A

binary fission

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10
Q

Function of FtsZ protein

A

recruits proteins to create a new cell wall

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11
Q

Contains most of the genetic material in the form of linear chromosomes

A

Eukaryotes

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12
Q

Have membrane-bounded organelles with specific functions

A

Eukaryotes

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13
Q

The field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes

A

cytogenetics

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14
Q

Cytogenetics allows what to occur?

A

the detection of individuals with abnormal chromosome number or structure

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15
Q

provides a way to distinguish between two closely-related species

A

Cytogenetics

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16
Q

A karyotype is the ___ chromosomes photographed and arranged from
largest to smallest.

A

mitotic

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17
Q

Chromosomes are told apart about

A

banding patterns

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18
Q

Karyotypes are rarely seen in what phase

A

anaphase

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19
Q

Karyotypes, banding patterns, are more visible in ___ than ___

A

prometaphase, metaphase

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20
Q

A human chromosome has, on average, about

A

1,100 genes

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21
Q

Members of a pair of chromosomes are called

A

homologues

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22
Q

The two chromosomes in a homologous pair are

A

same size and same genes, dif alleles

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23
Q

Since different chromosomes can be about the same size and have about the same centromere position, chromosomes are treated with stains to produce characteristic banding patterns: Example….

A

G-banding

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24
Q

In G-bandings, chromosomes are exposed to what dye

A

Giemsa

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25
Q

What regions are stained well and what regions don’t bind to the stain well

A

Well: dark bands
Not well: Light bands

26
Q

Giemsa binds ___ to stain chromosomes

A

DNA

27
Q

Banding patterns in prometaphase vs. metaphase

A

Prometaphase: longer bands and darker stains

28
Q

At the centromere of a chromsome, intense compacted areas have what colored bands

A

lighter

29
Q

have more bands than metaphase chromosomes because chromosomes continue to be condensed during the progression of mitosis

A

prometaphase chromosomes

30
Q

Chromosomes only have a rod shape in

A

mitosis

31
Q

In interphase: G1, S, G2 is what percent DNA and protein

A

50% both

32
Q

Mitosis has what percent protein and DNA

A

Protein: 2/3
DNA: 1/3

33
Q

Chromatids are made up of

A

dna and proteins

34
Q

All cells in your body, most besides gamete, are

A

2n

35
Q

The 2n cell is replicating its DNA to become

A

4n

36
Q

cell in the GO and G2 phase are

A

not dividing

37
Q

Cell enters replication as ___, then into G2 as ___, then in mitosis it __

A

2n, 4n, splits into 2n

38
Q

Mitotic spindle is made up of

A

microtubules

39
Q

Pairs of sister chromatids align themselves along a plane in what phase

A

metaphase

40
Q

In metaphase, each pair of chromatids is attached to both poles by

A

kinetochore microtubules

41
Q

The connection holding the sister chromatids together is broken in what phase

A

anaphase

42
Q

Each chromatid, now an individual chromosome, is linked to only one pole in what phase

A

anaphase

43
Q

Kinetochores MTs shorten and chromosomes move to opposite poles

A

Anaphase

44
Q

Chromosomes reach their respective poles and decondense and Nuclear membrane reforms to form two separate nuclei

A

Telophase

45
Q

Cytokinesis in plants vs. animals

A

In animals: formation of a cleavage furrow
In plants: formation of a cell plate

46
Q

In mitosis, the two daughter cells are ___

A

genetically identical to each other

47
Q

ensures genetic consistency from one cell to the next

A

mitosis

48
Q

The development of multicellularity relies on the repeated process of

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

49
Q

The process of forming gametes

A

gametogenesis

50
Q

what is produced meiosis

A

haploid (1n) cells are produced from diploid (2n) cells

51
Q

Like mitosis, meiosis begins after a cell has progressed through

A

interphase of the cell cycle

52
Q

Unlike mitosis, meiosis involves ___ successive divisions

A

two

53
Q

are organized along the metaphase plate

A

bivalents

54
Q

Pairs of sister chromatids are aligned in a ___ row, rather than a ___ row (as in mitosis)

A

double. single

55
Q

The orientation in meiosis I is

A

random

56
Q

During anaphase of meiosis I, two pairs of sister chromatids separate from each other. The connection that holds sister chromatids together…

A

does not break

57
Q

Meiosis II occurs when?

A

telophase and cytokinesis

58
Q

In spermatogensis, with meiosis I begins with ____ and ends with ____

In meiosis II, it begins with ___ and ends with ____

A

4n to 2n

2n to n

59
Q

Unlike spermatogenesis, the cytokinesis in oogenesis is

A

asymmetric

60
Q

In oogensis, what is the product

A

1 egg and 3 polar bodies

61
Q

In spermatogensis, the products are…

A

4 haploid sperm cells

Genetics (11 decks)

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