Lecture 38 And Beyond

Question 1

2 Groups of Independent Interval Data

Answer 1

Student T-test

Question 2

≥3 Groups of Independent Interval Data

Answer 2

• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (1 DV)
• Both tests compares the means of all groups (along with intra- and inter-group variations) against a Single DV
• Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) (≥2 DVs)
• Compares the means of all groups (along with intra- and inter-group variations) against Multiple DV’s
• If 3+ group comparison significant, must perform a post-hoc test to determine where differences are…

Question 3

≥3 Groups of Independent Interval Data w/ Confounders

Answer 3

• Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA)
• Compares the means of all groups (along with intra- and inter-group variations) against a single DV while also controlling for the co-variance of confounders
• Multiple Analysis of Co-Variance (MANCOVA) (≥2 DVs)
• Compares the means of all groups (along with intra- and inter-group variations) against multiple DV’s while also controlling for the co-variance of confounders

Question 4

2 Groups of Paired/Related Interval Data

Answer 4

• Paired t-test

- Compares the mean values between groups that are related

Question 5

≥3 Groups of Paired/Related Interval Data

Answer 5

• Repeated Measures ANOVA (1 DV)
• Compares the means of all groups (along with intra- and inter-group variations) of related data against a single DV
• Repeated Measures MANOVA (≥2 DVs)
• Compares the means of all groups (along with intra- and inter-group variations) of related data against multiple DV’s
• • If 3+ group comparison significant, must perform a post-hoc test to determine where differences are…

Question 6

≥3 Groups of Paired/Related Interval Data w/ Confounders

Answer 6

• Repeated Measures ANCOVA
• Compares the means of all groups (along with intra- and inter-group variations) against a single DV while also controlling for the co-variance of confounders
• Repeated Measures MANCOVA (≥2 DVs)
• Compares the means of all groups (along with intra- and inter-group variations) against multiple DV’s while also controlling for the co-variance of confounders

Question 7

Post-hoc Tests for 3 or more Group Comparisons (Interval)

Answer 7

• Student-Newman-Keul test
• Compares all pairwise comparisons possible
• All groups must be equal in size
• Dunnett test
• Compares pairwise comparisons against a single control
• All groups must be equal in size
• Dunn test
• Compares all pairwise comparisons possible
• Useful when all groups are not of equal size
• Tukey or Scheffe tests
• Compares all pairwise comparisons possible
• All groups must be equal in size
• Tukey test slightly more conservative than the Stu.N.K.
• Scheffe test less affected by violations in normality and homogeneity of variances – most conservative
• Bonferroni correction
• Adjusts the p value for # of comparisons being made
• Very conservative

Question 8

Validation/Assessment Committee

Answer 8

• Kappa statistic
  – agreement between evaluators (consistency of “decisions”, “determinations”)
• Kappa Interpretation:
• +1 = The observers perfectly “classify” everyone exactly the same way
• 0 = There is no relationship at all between the observers’ “classifications”, above the agreement that would be expected by chance
• -1 = The observers “classify” everyone exactly the opposite of each other
  – Kappa (K) value can be + or -; + = good agreement; - = poor agreement

Question 9

Peruse the Shit out of the rest of those slides.

Answer 9

So…what “Were” you gonna be when you grew up?

Question 10

National Clinical Trials number (NCT#)

Answer 10

• Auniqueidentifier # assigned by clinicaltrials.gov once research protocol is submitted prior to studyinitiation
• Purpose was to reduce publication bias
• ClinicalTrials.gov is an ICMJE‐acceptable public registry,offering up‐to‐date information for locatinginterventional studies starting/in‐progress
• National Institutes of Health (NIH), through its NationalLibrary of Medicine (NLM), developed site incollaboration with FDA (FDA Modernization Act (1997))

Question 11

2 things needed to asses a study?

Answer 11

• To accurately assess a study, readers needcomplete, clear, and transparent information onthe study’s methodology and findings. They didn’t used to be very good at reporting all lucid detailed needed evidence.

Question 12

CONSORT

Answer 12

• Used for interventional studies
• randomized interventional trials
• CONsolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials
• www.consort‐statement.org
• Extension Documents:
• Design Extensions for:
• Non‐Inferiority & Equivalence Trials
• Cluster Trials
• Design Extensions for:
• • Pragmatic Trials
• Broadly defined as a randomized, controlled trial whosepurpose is to inform decisions about clinical practice
• Aphilosophy as a continuum, not a dichotomy

Question 13

PRISMA

Answer 13

• meant for systematic reviews of randomized trials
• Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews andMeta‐Analyses
• www.prisma‐statement.org

Question 14

STROBE

Answer 14

• observational studies (cohort, casecontrol, cross‐sectional)
• STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational Studiesin Epidemiology
• www.strobe‐statement.org
• Extension Documents:
• Molecular Epidemiology Studies (STROBE‐ME)
• Genetic Association Studies (STREGA)
• STrengthening the REporting of Genetic AssociationStudies
• www.strega‐statement.org

Question 15

TREND

Answer 15

• reporting evaluations with nonrandomized designs of behavioral and publichealth interventions
• Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs
• www.cdc.gov/trendstatement

Question 16

REMARK

Answer 16

• tumormarkerprognostic studies

- REporting Recommendations for Tumor MARKer Prognostic Studies

Question 17

GRIPS

Answer 17

• genetic risk prediction studies

- Genetic RIsk Prediction Studies

Question 18

STARD

Answer 18

• diagnostic studies
• STAndards for the Reporting of Diagnostic AccuracyStudies
• www.stard‐statement.org

Question 19

QUADAS - 2

Answer 19

• systematic reviews of multiplediagnostic studies

- QUality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracyin Systematic Reviews (revised; 2nd ed.)