Lecture 37: Epidemiology in Practice - Tobacco Control

Question 1

What is tobacco control?

Answer 1

a range of supply, demand and harm reduction strategies that aim to improve the health of a population by eliminating or reducing their consumption of tobacco smoke.

Question 2

Who is impacted by tobacco control interventions?

Answer 2

• non-smokers
• existing smokers
• ex-smokers

Question 3

Why is tobacco control important?

Answer 3

to improve the health of the general population

Question 4

What is the link between smoking and lung cancer?

Answer 4

“smoking is a factor, and an important factor, in the production of carcinoma of the lung”

Question 5

Evidence of a systematic review show smoking causing what health conditions?

Answer 5

• lung cancer
• COPD
• heart disease
• chronic bronchitis
• underweight new born babies

Question 6

Tobacco causes disease and disability to what?

Answer 6

almost every organ in the body

Question 7

Who smokes in New Zealand?

Answer 7

Males have a higher prevalence than females but there is a reduction in both groups since 2006

Question 8

One of the groups impacted by tobacco control interventions is non-smokers. How/why are they impacted/what do we want to prevent?

Answer 8

• we want to stop second hand smoke exposure

- we want to prevent smoking experimentation and uptake

Question 9

One of the groups impacted by tobacco control interventions is existing smokers. How/why are they impacted/what do we want to prevent?

Answer 9

• it promotes quit attempts and successful quitting

Question 10

One of the groups impacted by tobacco control interventions is ex-smokers. How/why are they impacted/what do we want to prevent?

Answer 10

• prevent smoking relapse

Question 11

How does the NZ daily adult smoking prevalence differ by ethnicity and sex?

Answer 11

Maori people are 2.9 times as likely as non-Maori to be daily smokers. Pacific people are 1.7 times as likely as non-Maori to be daily smokers. Maori females have the highest prevalence of daily smoking

Question 12

How does the daily smoking prevalence relate to deprivation? What does this show?

Answer 12

There is a higher prevalence of daily smoking amongst the most deprived people which shows that there is a clear social gradient with more deprived people being more likely to be daily smokers

Question 13

How has the prevalence of Year 10 students in NZ smoking changed over time?

Answer 13

There is a steady increase in the prevalence of year 10s that have never smoked and a fall in the prevalence of year 10s that were weekly or monthly smokers or daily smokers.

Question 14

What are the social determinant of health which help us determine why people smoke?

Answer 14

• age, sex and constitutional factors
• individual lifestyle factors
• social and community networks
• living and working conditions
• socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions

Question 15

What are three reasons why people start smoking?

Answer 15

• individual factors
• social/community network factors
• social and environmental factors

Question 16

One of the reasons people start smoking is because of individual factors. Give examples of these

Answer 16

genetics, risk taking, menta health

Question 17

One of the reasons people start smoking is because of social/community network factors. Give examples of these

Answer 17

pro-smoking networks and peer pressure

Question 18

One of the reasons people start smoking is because of social and environmental factors. Give examples of these

Answer 18

the tobacco industry marketing and promotion

Question 19

What are three reasons why people keep/relapse to smoking?

Answer 19

• individual factors
• social/community network factors
• social and environmental factors

Question 20

One of the reasons people keep/relapse smoking is because of social/community network factors. Give examples of these

Answer 20

group social norms

Question 21

One of the reasons people keep/relapse smoking is because of social and environmental factors. Give examples of these

Answer 21

• cultural social norms

- smoking visibility and smoking/non-smoking areas

Question 22

One of the reasons people keep/relapse smoking is because of individual factors. Give examples of these

Answer 22

• physical dependence on nicotine

- beliefs about perceived benefits such as stress management

Question 23

What is meant by NZ’a Smokefree 2025 goal

Answer 23

reducing smoking prevalence to under 5% in all populations

Question 24

How is Smokefree 2025 going to be achieved?

Answer 24

• protecting children from exposure to tobacco marketing and promotion
• reducing the supply of, and demand for, tobacco
• providing the best possible support for quitting

Question 25

What are some of the strategies that were put in place as part of tobacco control interventions?

Answer 25

• tax
• printing banned
• sponsorship banned
• age limit increased
• Quitline started
• illegal to smoke in indoor public places
• no branding
• not in display

Question 26

What are the main ways to achieve Smokefree 2025?

Answer 26

removing the affordability, availability, appeal and continue to do what we are doing

Question 27

How can we reduce affordability?

Answer 27

increase excise tax

Question 28

How do we reduce acces?

Answer 28

reduce the number of tobacco retail outlets, extend smokefree environments, increase the minimum purchasing age so target young people

Question 29

How do we reduce appeal?

Answer 29

restrict tobacco marketing, industry normalisation, media campaigns

Question 30

What are some individual level strategies?

Answer 30

improving smoking cessation support such as

• NRTs
• behavioural counselling
• innovative programmes (paying people to not smoke)

Question 31

What is one way to reduce the harm?

Answer 31

vaping