Lecture 37: Epidemiology in Practice - Tobacco Control Flashcards
What is tobacco control?
a range of supply, demand and harm reduction strategies that aim to improve the health of a population by eliminating or reducing their consumption of tobacco smoke.
Who is impacted by tobacco control interventions?
- non-smokers
- existing smokers
- ex-smokers
Why is tobacco control important?
to improve the health of the general population
What is the link between smoking and lung cancer?
“smoking is a factor, and an important factor, in the production of carcinoma of the lung”
Evidence of a systematic review show smoking causing what health conditions?
- lung cancer
- COPD
- heart disease
- chronic bronchitis
- underweight new born babies
Tobacco causes disease and disability to what?
almost every organ in the body
Who smokes in New Zealand?
Males have a higher prevalence than females but there is a reduction in both groups since 2006
One of the groups impacted by tobacco control interventions is non-smokers. How/why are they impacted/what do we want to prevent?
- we want to stop second hand smoke exposure
- we want to prevent smoking experimentation and uptake
One of the groups impacted by tobacco control interventions is existing smokers. How/why are they impacted/what do we want to prevent?
- it promotes quit attempts and successful quitting
One of the groups impacted by tobacco control interventions is ex-smokers. How/why are they impacted/what do we want to prevent?
- prevent smoking relapse
How does the NZ daily adult smoking prevalence differ by ethnicity and sex?
Maori people are 2.9 times as likely as non-Maori to be daily smokers. Pacific people are 1.7 times as likely as non-Maori to be daily smokers. Maori females have the highest prevalence of daily smoking
How does the daily smoking prevalence relate to deprivation? What does this show?
There is a higher prevalence of daily smoking amongst the most deprived people which shows that there is a clear social gradient with more deprived people being more likely to be daily smokers
How has the prevalence of Year 10 students in NZ smoking changed over time?
There is a steady increase in the prevalence of year 10s that have never smoked and a fall in the prevalence of year 10s that were weekly or monthly smokers or daily smokers.
What are the social determinant of health which help us determine why people smoke?
- age, sex and constitutional factors
- individual lifestyle factors
- social and community networks
- living and working conditions
- socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions
What are three reasons why people start smoking?
- individual factors
- social/community network factors
- social and environmental factors
One of the reasons people start smoking is because of individual factors. Give examples of these
genetics, risk taking, menta health
One of the reasons people start smoking is because of social/community network factors. Give examples of these
pro-smoking networks and peer pressure
One of the reasons people start smoking is because of social and environmental factors. Give examples of these
the tobacco industry marketing and promotion
What are three reasons why people keep/relapse to smoking?
- individual factors
- social/community network factors
- social and environmental factors
One of the reasons people keep/relapse smoking is because of social/community network factors. Give examples of these
group social norms
One of the reasons people keep/relapse smoking is because of social and environmental factors. Give examples of these
- cultural social norms
- smoking visibility and smoking/non-smoking areas
One of the reasons people keep/relapse smoking is because of individual factors. Give examples of these
- physical dependence on nicotine
- beliefs about perceived benefits such as stress management
What is meant by NZ’a Smokefree 2025 goal
reducing smoking prevalence to under 5% in all populations
How is Smokefree 2025 going to be achieved?
- protecting children from exposure to tobacco marketing and promotion
- reducing the supply of, and demand for, tobacco
- providing the best possible support for quitting
What are some of the strategies that were put in place as part of tobacco control interventions?
- tax
- printing banned
- sponsorship banned
- age limit increased
- Quitline started
- illegal to smoke in indoor public places
- no branding
- not in display
What are the main ways to achieve Smokefree 2025?
removing the affordability, availability, appeal and continue to do what we are doing
How can we reduce affordability?
increase excise tax
How do we reduce acces?
reduce the number of tobacco retail outlets, extend smokefree environments, increase the minimum purchasing age so target young people
How do we reduce appeal?
restrict tobacco marketing, industry normalisation, media campaigns
What are some individual level strategies?
improving smoking cessation support such as
- NRTs
- behavioural counselling
- innovative programmes (paying people to not smoke)
What is one way to reduce the harm?
vaping
