Lecture 37: Epidemiology in Practice - Tobacco Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is tobacco control?

A

a range of supply, demand and harm reduction strategies that aim to improve the health of a population by eliminating or reducing their consumption of tobacco smoke.

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2
Q

Who is impacted by tobacco control interventions?

A
  • non-smokers
  • existing smokers
  • ex-smokers
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3
Q

Why is tobacco control important?

A

to improve the health of the general population

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4
Q

What is the link between smoking and lung cancer?

A

“smoking is a factor, and an important factor, in the production of carcinoma of the lung”

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5
Q

Evidence of a systematic review show smoking causing what health conditions?

A
  • lung cancer
  • COPD
  • heart disease
  • chronic bronchitis
  • underweight new born babies
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6
Q

Tobacco causes disease and disability to what?

A

almost every organ in the body

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7
Q

Who smokes in New Zealand?

A

Males have a higher prevalence than females but there is a reduction in both groups since 2006

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8
Q

One of the groups impacted by tobacco control interventions is non-smokers. How/why are they impacted/what do we want to prevent?

A
  • we want to stop second hand smoke exposure

- we want to prevent smoking experimentation and uptake

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9
Q

One of the groups impacted by tobacco control interventions is existing smokers. How/why are they impacted/what do we want to prevent?

A
  • it promotes quit attempts and successful quitting
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10
Q

One of the groups impacted by tobacco control interventions is ex-smokers. How/why are they impacted/what do we want to prevent?

A
  • prevent smoking relapse
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11
Q

How does the NZ daily adult smoking prevalence differ by ethnicity and sex?

A

Maori people are 2.9 times as likely as non-Maori to be daily smokers. Pacific people are 1.7 times as likely as non-Maori to be daily smokers. Maori females have the highest prevalence of daily smoking

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12
Q

How does the daily smoking prevalence relate to deprivation? What does this show?

A

There is a higher prevalence of daily smoking amongst the most deprived people which shows that there is a clear social gradient with more deprived people being more likely to be daily smokers

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13
Q

How has the prevalence of Year 10 students in NZ smoking changed over time?

A

There is a steady increase in the prevalence of year 10s that have never smoked and a fall in the prevalence of year 10s that were weekly or monthly smokers or daily smokers.

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14
Q

What are the social determinant of health which help us determine why people smoke?

A
  • age, sex and constitutional factors
  • individual lifestyle factors
  • social and community networks
  • living and working conditions
  • socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions
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15
Q

What are three reasons why people start smoking?

A
  • individual factors
  • social/community network factors
  • social and environmental factors
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16
Q

One of the reasons people start smoking is because of individual factors. Give examples of these

A

genetics, risk taking, menta health

17
Q

One of the reasons people start smoking is because of social/community network factors. Give examples of these

A

pro-smoking networks and peer pressure

18
Q

One of the reasons people start smoking is because of social and environmental factors. Give examples of these

A

the tobacco industry marketing and promotion

19
Q

What are three reasons why people keep/relapse to smoking?

A
  • individual factors
  • social/community network factors
  • social and environmental factors
20
Q

One of the reasons people keep/relapse smoking is because of social/community network factors. Give examples of these

A

group social norms

21
Q

One of the reasons people keep/relapse smoking is because of social and environmental factors. Give examples of these

A
  • cultural social norms

- smoking visibility and smoking/non-smoking areas

22
Q

One of the reasons people keep/relapse smoking is because of individual factors. Give examples of these

A
  • physical dependence on nicotine

- beliefs about perceived benefits such as stress management

23
Q

What is meant by NZ’a Smokefree 2025 goal

A

reducing smoking prevalence to under 5% in all populations

24
Q

How is Smokefree 2025 going to be achieved?

A
  • protecting children from exposure to tobacco marketing and promotion
  • reducing the supply of, and demand for, tobacco
  • providing the best possible support for quitting
25
What are some of the strategies that were put in place as part of tobacco control interventions?
- tax - printing banned - sponsorship banned - age limit increased - Quitline started - illegal to smoke in indoor public places - no branding - not in display
26
What are the main ways to achieve Smokefree 2025?
removing the affordability, availability, appeal and continue to do what we are doing
27
How can we reduce affordability?
increase excise tax
28
How do we reduce acces?
reduce the number of tobacco retail outlets, extend smokefree environments, increase the minimum purchasing age so target young people
29
How do we reduce appeal?
restrict tobacco marketing, industry normalisation, media campaigns
30
What are some individual level strategies?
improving smoking cessation support such as - NRTs - behavioural counselling - innovative programmes (paying people to not smoke)
31
What is one way to reduce the harm?
vaping