Lecture 35 Flashcards
Health
what is physical activity
any movement, by muscles, casing increased energy expenditure (including exercise)
what is exercise
physical activity planned, structured and repetitive often for fitness or health
an exercise ‘dose’ reflects …
combination of frequency, intensity and time
what is health
physical, mental and social wellbeing - not just absence of disease
pattern of a stress or stimulus can determine what
whether the outcome is healthy or unhealthy
what are the categories of factors that govern fitness, health and risk of disease
- inherited / biological
- environmental
- behavioural
what factors related to fitness are modifiable
environment and behavioural
physical activity helps prevent and treat
most major diseases and their risk factors
how are dose response relationships differ between people, e.g those with more room to improve
- biggest fitness gain in least fit
- biggest health gain in least healthy (e.g., BP or glucose)
how does the dose response relationship change between conditions
- lipids require a large PA dose
- insulin sensitivity doesn’t
high fitness associates strongly lowers risk for
lung and colorectal cancers
high fitness associates some reduction for
oesophageal and breast cancers
high fitness associates higher risk for
malignant melanoma (skin)
also prostate ?
how does physical activity increase cardiac function
- its vasculature and metabolism
- heart rate, size, contractility, compliance
- stress protective proteins and antioxidants
how does physical activity decrease TPR (due to vessel number, size and function)
- increased endothelial function
- increased blood volume
in what ways does physical activity favour autonomic activity
increase PNS
decrease SNS
how does physical activity normalise the blood glucose profile
- increase uptake independently of insulin during and after exercise
what else does physical activity normalise in the blood
- blood clotting mechanism
- blood lipid profile
physical activity increases brain … (3)
increases brain blood flow and its control
increases brain derived neurotrophic factors
increases brain glucose sensitivity
how is cognitive function increased due to physical activity
increased brain blood flow and control
how many NZ adults are ‘physically active’ - meaning they accomplish the activity guidelines
fewer than half of NZ adults
what is the physical activity in non maori compared to maori like
similar
what is the population attributable risk
the proportion of a disease incidence that is due to exposure to that risk factor
what is the largest population attributable risk for coronary heart disease even though it has similar relative risk as primary risk factors
physical inactivity because this is what widely affects the population
mortality from coronary heart disease is decreased by what % from activity
mortality decreased by 25%
what is pre hypertension considered
blood pressure above 120/80
how does hypertension develop
- increased sodium
- change in vascular structure
- increase in SNS and chronic inflammation
what is the evidence like for the value of physical activity for coronary heart disease
strong
what is the chronic benefit to exercise on hypertension
comparable to pharmacological
what is the acute effect of exercise on hypertension
large decrease after exercise
what is stage 1 hypertension
blood pressure greater than 130/90
