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Molecules to Cells - Genetics and Virology > Lecture 33. Virology I: Genetic Diversity > Flashcards

Lecture 33. Virology I: Genetic Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are viruses ?

A

Infectious, obligate intracellular parasites

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2
Q

What are viruses surrounded by ?

A

Protein coat and or lipid membrane

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3
Q

What do viruses within a host cell use to synthesis progeny virus particles ?

A

Cellular machinery

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4
Q

Where do viruses infect and replicate ?

A

Within cells

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5
Q

Are viruses cells ?

A

No

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6
Q

Where are all viral genomes packaged ?

A

Inside particles that mediate their transmission from host to host

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7
Q

What does the viral genome contain ?

A

Information necessary to initiate and complete an infectious cycle within a susceptible, permissive cell

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8
Q

Where are all successful virus able to establish themselves in ?

A

A host population

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9
Q

Why do viruses establish themselves in host populations ?

A

So viral survival is ensured

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10
Q

Why are viruses a perfect model for the concept of “survival of the fittest” ?

A
  1. Viruses that are too successful and kill their hosts eliminate themselves
  2. Viruses that are too passive and their replication is impeded by their hosts’ defences may be eliminated
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11
Q

What are viruses made of ?

A
  1. Capsid
  2. Proteins
  3. Genome
  4. May contain an envelope
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12
Q

What is a capsid ?

A

A protein shell

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13
Q

What are capsids made from ?

A

Identical proteins

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14
Q

What proteins may be present in viruses ?

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. Ion channels
  3. Immune modulators
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15
Q

What is contained in the genome of a virus ?

A

RNA or DNA

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16
Q

What is the viruses envelope ?

A

A lipid membrane

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17
Q

What is the function of the envelope ?

A

Block entry for enzymes

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18
Q

What are some structure of the viron ?

A
  1. Helical
  2. Polyhedral
  3. Icosahedral
  4. Spherical
  5. Complex
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19
Q

Who developed the seven genome types ?

A

David Baltimore

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20
Q

What is the genome type in group I ?

A

Double stranded DNA

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21
Q

What is the genome type in group II ?

A

Single stranded DNA

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22
Q

What is the genome type in group III ?

A

Double stranded RNA

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23
Q

What is the genome type in group IV ?

A

Single stranded positive sense RNA

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24
Q

What is the genome type in group V ?

A

Single stranded negative sense RNA

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25
Q

What is the genome type in group VI ?

A

Single stranded positive sense RNA reverse transcriptase

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26
Q

What is the genome type in group VII ?

A

Double stranded DNA reverse transcriptase

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27
Q

What can positive strand RNA do ?

A

Be translated into a protein immediately

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28
Q

What can a negative strand of RNA do ?

A

Cannot be translated therefore must be transcribed into positive sense mRNA before translation

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29
Q

What information is encoded within the virus genome ?

A

Gene products for:

  1. Virus genome replication
  2. Assembly and packaging of the genome
  3. Regulation of the virus replication cycle
  4. Modulation of host defences
  5. Spread to other cells and hosts
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30
Q

What information is not contained within the virus genome ?

A
  1. The genes necessary for complete protein synthesis

2. No gene encoding proteins for energy production or membrane synthesis

31
Q

What must viral genomes be processed into so it can be read by host ribosomes ?

A

mRNA

32
Q

What does an acute infection of poliovirus cause ?

A

Poliomyelitis

33
Q

What group is poliovirus in ?

A

Group 4

34
Q

What shape is poliovirus ?

A

Icosohedral

35
Q

How many capsid proteins does poliovirus have ?

A

4

36
Q

What are the capsid proteins contained in poliovirus ?

A
  1. VP1
  2. VP2
  3. VP3
  4. VP4
37
Q

When is the pH of poliovirus stable ?

A

When its acidic

38
Q

How many copies of proteins in a capsid of poliovirus ?

A

60

39
Q

Who does poliovirus infect ?

A

People

40
Q

How is poliovirus transmitted ?

A

Aerosol or ingestion (faecal-oral route)

41
Q

What are the primary infection sites of poliovirus ?

A

Lymphoid tissue of pharynx and gut

42
Q

What is the secondary infection site of poliovirus ?

A

Central nervous system

43
Q

What causes paralysis and muscle weakness in poliovirus ?

A

Lytic infection of neurons

44
Q

Who does the influenza virus affect ?

A

Birds, people, pigs, horses

45
Q

What group is influenza in ?

A

Group V

46
Q

What is in the structure of influenza ?

A
  1. Glycoproteins
  2. Matrix protein (M1)
  3. Matric ion channel (M2)
  4. Lipid bilayer
  5. Nucleocapsid protein
  6. Nuclear export protein
  7. RNA polymerase proteins
47
Q

What are the two glycoproteins in influenza structure ?

A
  1. Neuroaminidase (NA)

2. Haemagglutinin (HA)

48
Q

What are the 3 RNA polymerase proteins ?

A
  1. PB1
  2. PB2
  3. PA
49
Q

How is influenza transmitted ?

A

Respiratory droplets

50
Q

What is the primary infection site of influenza ?

A

Upper respiratory tract

51
Q

When are you infectious with influenza ?

A

One or two days before symptoms

52
Q

What is HIV ?

A

The causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

53
Q

What type of infection is HIV ?

A

Persistent

54
Q

How did HIV enter humans ?

A

Likely from chimpanzees

55
Q

What does HIV do ?

A

Gradually destroys immune cells

56
Q

What group is HIV in ?

A

Group VI

57
Q

What is in the structure of HIV ?

A
  1. Envelope proteins (gp120)
  2. Capsule proteins (p24)
  3. Reverse transcriptase
  4. Lipid bilayer
58
Q

How can HIV be transmitted ?

A
  1. Blood
  2. Sex
  3. Mother to child - before and during birth, breast milk
59
Q

What is the primary infection of varicella zoster virus ?

A

Chickenpox

60
Q

What type of infection is varicella zoster virus ?

A

Persistent

61
Q

How is varicella zoster virus transmitted ?

A

Aerosols and direct contact with rash

62
Q

When is varicella zoster virus infectious and how long does it remain infectious?

A

1-2 days before rash appears and lasts till all lesions have crusted over

63
Q

Where does varicella zoster virus persist ?

A

Nerve ganglia

64
Q

What is the reactivation of varicella zoster virus called ?

A

Shingles

65
Q

What is the structure of varicella zoster virus ?

A
  1. Envelope proteins
  2. Tegument
  3. Nucleocapsid
66
Q

What group is varicella zoster virus in ?

A

Group I

67
Q

What is natural reservoir for severe acute respiratory syndrome ?

A

Bats

68
Q

What are the three zoonotic coronaviruses ?

A
  1. 2002-2003 SARS-CoV
  2. 2012+ MERS-CoV
  3. 2019+ SARS-CoV-2
69
Q

What group is coronavirus in ?

A

Group IV

70
Q

What is in the structure of coronavirus ?

A
  1. Spike glycoprotein
  2. Nucleoprotein
  3. Membrane protein
  4. Envelope small membrane protein
71
Q

How is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted ?

A

Respiratory droplet, aerosols, contaminated surfaces

72
Q

When is SARS-CoV-2 infectious ?

A

2 days before symptoms

73
Q

Where is the primary infection site of SARS-CoV-2 ?

A

Upper respiratory tract

Molecules to Cells - Genetics and Virology (16 decks)

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