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Molecules to Cells - Genetics and Virology > Lecture 24. Transcription > Flashcards

Lecture 24. Transcription Flashcards

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1
Q

What is transcription ?

A

How mRNA is made from a DNA template

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2
Q

What is transcriptomics?

A

Allows us to analyze gene sequences and expression levels of all genes in an organism, often simultaneously

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3
Q

What does RNAP II make in eukaryotes?

A

Makes mRNA

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4
Q

What does RNAP I make in eukaryotes ?

A

ribosomal RNA

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5
Q

What does RNAP III make in eukaryotes ?

A

Transfer RNA

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6
Q

What are the three steps in RNA synthesis ?

A
  1. Initiation of transcription
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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7
Q

What is a promoter ?

A

DNA sequences that guide RNAP to the beginning of a gene to start transcription at the initiation site

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8
Q

What is the function of a promoter ?

A

Tell RNA polymerase where and when to initiate transcription

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9
Q

What is transcription in eukaryotes regulated by ?

A

Transcription factors

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10
Q

What are the two types of transcription factor ?

A
  1. Repressors

2. Activators

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11
Q

What are 4 major differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription ?

A
  1. Nucleus surrounded by a double membrane
  2. DNA is wrapped around histones to give chromatin
  3. Promoters have many control sites for transcription factors
  4. RNAP has 12 protein subunits and can associate with many different regulatory proteins
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12
Q

What is involved in controlling transcription in eukaryotes ?

A

Opening and closing of chromatin

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13
Q

What is regulated by transcription factors and chromatin state ?

A

Access to core promoter

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14
Q

What is a proximal core promoter ?

A

General transcription factor complex substitute for sigma factor

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15
Q

Where is the TATA box analogous to ?

A

Pribnow box

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16
Q

What are distal control elements ?

A

Enhancer and silencer elements controlled by transcriptional activators/repressors influence general transcription factors an Pol II recruitment

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17
Q

What happens during pre-initiation complex assembly ?

A
  1. Binding of TATA binding protein and transcription factor IID
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18
Q

Where does the pre-initiation complex assemble around ?

A

RNA polymerase

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19
Q

Where does the TATA binding protein bind to ?

A

The TATA box in the genes promoter region

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20
Q

What does the general transcription factor form ?

A

A pre-initiation complex that includes RNAP

21
Q

What are general transcription factors a complex version of ?

A

A sigma factor

22
Q

What is RNA polymerase activated by ?

A

The phosphorylation of its C-terminal tail and then begins elongation/transcription

23
Q

What does RNA polymerase II begin ?

A

Elongation

24
Q

What does mRNA precursors contain ?

A

Exons and introns

25
Q

Where are introns spliced ?

A

The nucleus

26
Q

What is added to mRNA ?

A
  1. A 5’ CAP

2. 3’ PolyA tail

27
Q

How is the mature mRNA transported ?

A

Transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm via the nuclear pores

28
Q

What are introns ?

A

Intervening regions

29
Q

What are exons ?

A

Coding regions

30
Q

What is splicing ?

A

Removal of introns

31
Q

What are some things in mRNA in eukaryotes ?

A
  1. Exons
  2. Introns
  3. Capping
  4. Splicing
  5. Polyadenylation
32
Q

What does alternative splicing yield ?

A

Different mRNA’s and protein isoforms

33
Q

What is base pairing ?

A

Two highly negatively charged polymers held together

34
Q

What is DNA hybridisation ?

A

A velcro type reaction, many low energy linkages multiply their effects to hold DNA together

35
Q

What forms of DNA is unstable ?

A

Short DNA duplexes

36
Q

What can be used to detect specific mRNAs ?

A

Northern blotting

37
Q

What does electroblotting do ?

A

Drives the RNA out of the gel and onto the membrane

38
Q

What is thermal stability of duplex directly related to ?

A

Perfection of base pair matching

39
Q

What is the zippering effect ?

A

Longer duplexes hybridise faster and are more stable than short ones

40
Q

What is hybridisation of probes ?

A

The basis of blotting techniques for detetion

41
Q

What is the hybridisation of primer sequences ?

A

The basis for targeted DNA replication including PCR

42
Q

What could a hybridised label of DNA of the gene of interest be labelled with ?

A
  1. Radioactive 32p

2. Biotin labelled nucleotides

43
Q

What is reverse transcriptase ?

A

Makes DNA from an RNA template

44
Q

What are microarrays used for ?

A

To measure changes in gene expression across the whole genome

45
Q

How do you measure the abundance of mRNAs ?

A

Via amplification of cDNA

46
Q

What can reverse transcription PCR be used for ?

A

Quantifies mRNA indirectly via amplification of cDNA copies

47
Q

What are potential drug targets ?

A

Genes that are upregulated in cancer cells

48
Q

What does each cells cDNA carry ?

A

A unique sequence tag

49
Q

What can cell types be identified by ?

A

Identical transcriptomes

Molecules to Cells - Genetics and Virology (16 decks)

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