Lecture 33: Integration of Metabolism Flashcards
Primary fuel of the liver is
Fatty acids
Reaction rate of glucokinase and what is synthesized during fed vs starved state in liver
Fed- High glucokinase RR, synthesis of fatty acids/TAGS
Starve- Low glucokinase RR, synthesis of ketone bodies
The liver can ____ but not ___ ketone bodies
Can produce but not use ketone bodies
Which organs contain urea cycle enzymes
Liver/kidney
A decrease in NAD levels will cause what in the liver
Decreased: Gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, TCA cycle, B-oxidation
Increased: Lactate/ketone bodies (acidosis), TAGs
Which pathways will be used in the liver during fed state
Glycogenesis
FA synthesis
Which pathways will be used in fasting state in liver
B-oxidation of fatty acids
Glycogenolysis
Which pathways will be used in starved state in liver
B-oxidation/ketogenesis of fatty acid to form ketone bodies
Gluconeogenesis to form glucose from AAs
Which pathways are used during fed state in muscle
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Which pathways used during fasting state in muscle
B-oxidation/ketogenesis of FA to form ketone bodies
Which pathways used during starved state in muscle
Proteolysis to from AA from protein
Ketogenesis to form ketone bodies from FA
Which pathways used during Fed/fasting/starving state in heart
B-oxidation of fatty acids during fed/fasting
Ketone bodies used in TCA cycle during starvation
Which pathways used during fed/fasting/starving state in brain
Glucose used in glycolysis/TCA cycle during fed/fasting
Ketone bodies used in TCA cycle during starvation
Which pathways used during fed/fasting/starving state in adipose tissue
Fed- Fatty acids–>TAGs
Fasting/Starving- TAGs–> fatty acids/glycerol (lipolysis)
AMPK during fed state is active/inactive
Inactive
What are activators/inhibitors of AMPK
AMP activates
ATP inhibits
AMPK activates enzymes in what pathways and deactivates enzymes in what other pathways
Activates enzymes in energy producing (catabolic) pathways
Deactivates enzymes in energy requiring (anabolic) pathways
mTOR activation state when fed
Activated in fed state
mTOR activators/inhibitors
Activated by insulin
Inhibited by AMPK
mTOR activates/deactivates enzymes in which pathways
Activates in energy requiring (anabolic) pathways
Deactivates in energy producing (catabolic) pathways
AMPK can bind how many ATPs
4
Origin/destination/role of chylomicrons
O- Intestine
D- Adipocytes
Role- TAG transport
Origin/destination/role of VLDL
O- Liver
D- Adipocytes
Role- TAG transport
Origin/destination/role of IDL
O- VLDL
D- Liver, adipocytes
Role- Intermediate molecule
Origin/destination/role of LDL
O- VLDL
D- All cells
Role- Cholesterol distribution
Origin/destination/role of HDL
O- Liver (empty)
D- Liver (full)
Role- Cholesterol collection
What do sirtuins do and when are they activated
Deacetylate Lysine using NAD+
Activated when NAD is high and NADH is low
Role of leptin
Released from adipocytes to signal the brain that you are full. Senses storage of TAGs
What hormones are similar to leptin but only act briefly
CCK
GLP1
Leptin/Insulin effect on mTOR and AMPK
Leptin/insulin both activate mTOR
Leptin inhibits AMPK
Ghrelin/adiponectin effect on AMPK
Both activate AMPK
Orexigenic neurons disseminate hungry signals from
Ghrelin
Adiponectin
PYY3-36
Anorexigenic neurons disseminate fed/full signals from
Leptin/insulin
Cortisol effects on adipocytes/skeletal muscle/liver
Adipocytes- Release FA
Skeletal muscle- Protein degradation, export AAs
Liver- increased pyruvate carboxylase and gluconeogenesis action
