lecture 32 - microbial genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bacterial genome typically comprised of?

A

A single, circular chromosome.

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2
Q

Do bacteria have a nuclear membrane?

A

No

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3
Q

How is the chromosome of a bacteria contained?

A

It is restricted to a defined region of the cell called the nucleoid, that is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane

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4
Q

Where are plasmids found?

A

In the cytosol of bacteria

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5
Q

What is vertical gene transfer?

A

The transfer of genes from ‘parent’ to ‘offspring’ bacterial cells via binary fission/cell division.

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6
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

The transfer of genes between bacteria of the same generation, rather than to offspring

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7
Q

In horizontal gene transfer of bacteria, what component is the transferred gene usually held on?

A

The plasmid

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8
Q

What is pneumococcal disease?

A

A bacterial disease that has a smooth (fatal) strain and rough (non-fatal) strain

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9
Q

What is the structure and subsequent properties of the smooth strain of streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

bacteria has a polysaccharide capsule that protects it from phagocytosis

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10
Q

What is the structure and subsequent properties of the rough strain of streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

No polysaccharide capsule so can be readily phagocytosed by the body’s immune system

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11
Q

The capsule of streptococcus pneumoniae is an example of what type of selective advantage?

A

virulence factor

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?

A

Conjugation, transduction, transformation

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13
Q

What is conjugation, in terms of bacterial horizontal gene transfer?

A

Transfer of nucleic acid from one bacterium to another via sexual pili

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14
Q

What is transduction, in terms of bacterial horizontal gene transfer?

A

Transfer of nucleic acids by phage viruses, who take up pieces of host bacteria DNA when undergoing the lysis, and then deposit it into different bacteria.

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15
Q

What is transformation, in terms of bacterial horizontal gene transfer?

A

The absorption of short fragments of naked DNA (e.g. from dead bacteria) by naturally transformable bacteria

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16
Q

Bacteriophages facilitate what type of horizontal gene transfer?

A

Transduction

17
Q

Sex pili facilitate what type of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?

A

Conjugation