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CELS191 2022 > lecture 3 - cell building blocks > Flashcards

lecture 3 - cell building blocks Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of biological molecules, in order of structure?

A

Building blocks, macromolecules, supramolecular assemblies, organelles

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2
Q

What are the biological building blocks?

A

Amino acids, nucleotides/nucleobases, simple carbohydrates, glycerol, fatty acids and hydrocarbon rings

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3
Q

What are the types of macromolecule?

A

proteins, DNA and RNA (nucleic acids), complex carbohydrates, lipids

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4
Q

What is the general structure of a macromolecule?

A

Generally made up of smaller units (monomers) that are joined by covalent bonds

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5
Q

What are the two types of macromolecule, in terms of structure?

A

Polymeric and non-polymeric

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6
Q

What is the name for complex carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides

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7
Q

What are the four ‘levels’ of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysachharides

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8
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

The single unit/monomer of carbohydrates

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9
Q

What is the characteristic of hexose monosaccharides?

A

They have 6 carbons.

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10
Q

What is the characteristic of pentose monosaccharides?

A

They have 5 carbons

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11
Q

What are the three key monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose and galactose

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12
Q

What are the two key pentose monosaccharides?

A

Deoxyribose and Ribose

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13
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Two monosaccharides joined together

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14
Q

What is the disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose?

A

Sucrose

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15
Q

What is the disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules?

A

maltose

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16
Q

What is the disaccharide formed from galactose and glucose?

A

lactose

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17
Q

How many monosaccharides make up oligosaccharides?

A

3 to 10

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18
Q

What are the two major plant carbohydrates?

A

Starch and cellulose/fiber

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19
Q

What are the two forms of starch?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

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20
Q

What is the structure of Amylose?

A

It contains a linear chain of glucose monomers.

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21
Q

What is the animal carbohydrate?

A

Glycogen

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22
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin?

A

Branched chains of glucose.

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23
Q

What is the structure of glycogen?

A

Highly branched chain of glucose.

24
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A

Chains of glucose monomers packed together and joined by hydrogen bonds.

25
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates? (3)

A

Recognition, energy, structure

26
Q

What is the recognition function of carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates are found on the surface of cells and are able to recognise toxins, proteins and bacteria, as well as communicate with neighbouring cells.

27
Q

What is the energy function of carbohydrates?

A

Energy is stored in plant or animal polysaccharides and can be utilised by the body when broken down by enzymes.

28
Q

What is the structure function of carbohydrates?

A

Cellulose is found the cell wall of plant cells, providing shape and structure

29
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

To store and transfer genetic information.

30
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

To code for amino acids and act as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes, in order to make proteins.

31
Q

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate, sugar and base

32
Q

What type of sugar is found in DNA nucleotides?

A

Deoxyribose

33
Q

What type of sugar is found in RNA nucleotides?

A

ribose

34
Q

What are the purine bases?

A

Adenine and Guanine

35
Q

What are the pyrimidine bases?

A

Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil

36
Q

What are the bases found in DNA?

A

A, T, G, C

37
Q

What are the bases found in RNA?

A

G, C, A, U

38
Q

What is the structural difference between deoxyribose and ribose?

A

Deoxyribose has 2 hydroxyl groups, while ribose has 3 hydroxyl groups.

39
Q

What is the structure of a polynucleotide strand?

A

A sugar phosphate backbone with bases coming off it.

40
Q

What is the structure of the sugar phosphate backbone?

A

Alternating sugar and phosphate groups, joined by phosphodiester bonds

41
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

A single linear polynucelotide strand

42
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Two polynucleotides strands with bases paired up to form a double helix shape.

43
Q

What is a protein?

A

A molecule by which cells perform functions, inside the cell and on an intracellular level.

44
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

45
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

46
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

Central carbon, amine group, carboxylate group, hydrogen, ‘R’ side chain

47
Q

How do amino acids differ?

A

Based on the ‘R’ group/side chain

48
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

In the ribosome

49
Q

What are the chemical characteristics of lipids?

A

Hydrophobic and non-polar

50
Q

What is the scientific name for ‘fats’?

A

Triacylglycerols

51
Q

What are the functions of lipids? (3)

A

structure, regulation, energy

52
Q

What is the structural function of lipids?

A

Choleserol and phospholipids make up the cell membrane. The hydrophopbic part of these lipids is buried within the membrane.

53
Q

What is the overall structure of a phospholipid?

A

A hydrophilic head (glycerol, phosphate, etc.) and hydrophobic tails of fatty acids

54
Q

What is the regulatory function of lipids (specifically cholesterol)?

A

Choleresterol gives rise to testosterone, which in turn gives rise to estradiol. These chemicals/hormones regulate various parts of body function.

55
Q

What is the energy function of lipids?

A

Fats store energy which the body can gain from food.

56
Q

Are deoxyribose and ribose pentose or hexose monosaccharides?

A

pentose

57
Q

What type of molecule is cholesterol?

A

Steroid

CELS191 2022 (35 decks)

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