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CELS191 2022 > lecture 3 - cell building blocks > Flashcards

lecture 3 - cell building blocks Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of biological molecules, in order of structure?

A

Building blocks, macromolecules, supramolecular assemblies, organelles

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2
Q

What are the biological building blocks?

A

Amino acids, nucleotides/nucleobases, simple carbohydrates, glycerol, fatty acids and hydrocarbon rings

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3
Q

What are the types of macromolecule?

A

proteins, DNA and RNA (nucleic acids), complex carbohydrates, lipids

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4
Q

What is the general structure of a macromolecule?

A

Generally made up of smaller units (monomers) that are joined by covalent bonds

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5
Q

What are the two types of macromolecule, in terms of structure?

A

Polymeric and non-polymeric

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6
Q

What is the name for complex carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides

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7
Q

What are the four ‘levels’ of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysachharides

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8
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

The single unit/monomer of carbohydrates

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9
Q

What is the characteristic of hexose monosaccharides?

A

They have 6 carbons.

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10
Q

What is the characteristic of pentose monosaccharides?

A

They have 5 carbons

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11
Q

What are the three key monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose and galactose

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12
Q

What are the two key pentose monosaccharides?

A

Deoxyribose and Ribose

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13
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Two monosaccharides joined together

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14
Q

What is the disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose?

A

Sucrose

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15
Q

What is the disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules?

A

maltose

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16
Q

What is the disaccharide formed from galactose and glucose?

A

lactose

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17
Q

How many monosaccharides make up oligosaccharides?

A

3 to 10

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18
Q

What are the two major plant carbohydrates?

A

Starch and cellulose/fiber

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19
Q

What are the two forms of starch?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

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20
Q

What is the structure of Amylose?

A

It contains a linear chain of glucose monomers.

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21
Q

What is the animal carbohydrate?

A

Glycogen

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22
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin?

A

Branched chains of glucose.

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23
Q

What is the structure of glycogen?

A

Highly branched chain of glucose.

24
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A

Chains of glucose monomers packed together and joined by hydrogen bonds.

25
What are the functions of carbohydrates? (3)
Recognition, energy, structure
26
What is the recognition function of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are found on the surface of cells and are able to recognise toxins, proteins and bacteria, as well as communicate with neighbouring cells.
27
What is the energy function of carbohydrates?
Energy is stored in plant or animal polysaccharides and can be utilised by the body when broken down by enzymes.
28
What is the structure function of carbohydrates?
Cellulose is found the cell wall of plant cells, providing shape and structure
29
What is the function of DNA?
To store and transfer genetic information.
30
What is the function of RNA?
To code for amino acids and act as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes, in order to make proteins.
31
What is the structure of a nucleotide?
Phosphate, sugar and base
32
What type of sugar is found in DNA nucleotides?
Deoxyribose
33
What type of sugar is found in RNA nucleotides?
ribose
34
What are the purine bases?
Adenine and Guanine
35
What are the pyrimidine bases?
Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil
36
What are the bases found in DNA?
A, T, G, C
37
What are the bases found in RNA?
G, C, A, U
38
What is the structural difference between deoxyribose and ribose?
Deoxyribose has 2 hydroxyl groups, while ribose has 3 hydroxyl groups.
39
What is the structure of a polynucleotide strand?
A sugar phosphate backbone with bases coming off it.
40
What is the structure of the sugar phosphate backbone?
Alternating sugar and phosphate groups, joined by phosphodiester bonds
41
What is the structure of RNA?
A single linear polynucelotide strand
42
What is the structure of DNA?
Two polynucleotides strands with bases paired up to form a double helix shape.
43
What is a protein?
A molecule by which cells perform functions, inside the cell and on an intracellular level.
44
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
45
How many amino acids are there?
20
46
What is the structure of an amino acid?
Central carbon, amine group, carboxylate group, hydrogen, ‘R’ side chain
47
How do amino acids differ?
Based on the ‘R’ group/side chain
48
Where are proteins made?
In the ribosome
49
What are the chemical characteristics of lipids?
Hydrophobic and non-polar
50
What is the scientific name for ‘fats’?
Triacylglycerols
51
What are the functions of lipids? (3)
structure, regulation, energy
52
What is the structural function of lipids?
Choleserol and phospholipids make up the cell membrane. The hydrophopbic part of these lipids is buried within the membrane.
53
What is the overall structure of a phospholipid?
A hydrophilic head (glycerol, phosphate, etc.) and hydrophobic tails of fatty acids
54
What is the regulatory function of lipids (specifically cholesterol)?
Choleresterol gives rise to testosterone, which in turn gives rise to estradiol. These chemicals/hormones regulate various parts of body function.
55
What is the energy function of lipids?
Fats store energy which the body can gain from food.
56
Are deoxyribose and ribose pentose or hexose monosaccharides?
pentose
57
What type of molecule is cholesterol?
Steroid

CELS191 2022 (35 decks)

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