Lecture 30

Question 1

genotype

Answer 1

gene encoding for hexokinase is part of genotype

Question 2

phenotype

Answer 2

the expression of a gene (converting info inside gene to phenotype = gene expression)

Question 3

transcription

Answer 3

DNA to mRNA

Question 4

translation

Answer 4

mRNA to protein

Question 5

sense

Answer 5

strand that is not used in transcription

Question 6

antisense

Answer 6

the strand that is copied in transcription

Question 7

coding

Answer 7

the strand that isnt being copied, matches what mRNA strand will look like because it is bonded to the template

Question 8

template

Answer 8

copied during synthesis of mRNA (T replaced by U)

Question 9

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 9

copies template strand to carry the information so proteins can be made

Question 10

RNA polymerase

Answer 10

made of multiple subunits; sigma subunit binds to DNA at the beginning of specific gene

Question 11

promoter (in prokaryotes)

Answer 11

at -35 and -10 relative to start site (0)

Question 12

sigma subunit

Answer 12

binds between -10 and -35 promoters to orient the RNA polymerase in the proper position

Question 13

phosphodiester bonds

Answer 13

joining of successive sugar molecules

Question 14

transcription bubble

Answer 14

12-14 nucleotides in size; where the two DNA strands are separated to allow polymerase to slide down the antisense strand

Question 15

termination

Answer 15

end of gene marked by stop sequences (a seires of G-C followed by at least 4 U on mRNA

Question 16

hairpin

Answer 16

G-C rich area forms a hairpin loop and causes RNA polymerase to pause and the U rich region is mad eof weak H bonds and causes RNA polymerase to fall off

Question 17

transcription factors

Answer 17

proteins involved in the process of converting or transcribing DNA into RNA

Question 18

Eukaryotic transciption

Answer 18

• eukaryotes have 3 RNA polymerases
• each RNA polymerase recognizes different promoter
• initiation process is more complex: requires transcription factors
• termination sites aren’t well defined
• eukaryotic mRNA is modified after transcription

Question 19

primary transcript

Answer 19

full mRNA that is the immediate result of eukaryotic transcription; unprocessed

Question 20

Mature RNA

Answer 20

end product of transcription in eukaryotes; this is what exits the nucleus

Question 21

Eukaryotic mRNA modifications

Answer 21

5’ GTP cap added, 3’ poly-A tail added, introns removed

Question 22

introns

Answer 22

dont encode for proteins, must be removed by a spliceosome

Question 23

exons

Answer 23

encode for proteins; make up final mRNA in eukaryotes

Question 24

spliceosome

Answer 24

removes introns in eukayotic mRNA