lecture 30

Question 1

how many hyaline cartilage rings in soft tissue of the thorax

Answer 1

16-20

Question 2

soft tissue of thorax

Answer 2

• 16-20 hyaline cartilage rings
• bifurcates
• left and right main-stem bronchi
• tracheal rings
• posterior opening allows flexibility

Question 3

tracheal rings

Answer 3

• mucous membrane lining connection
• when oxygen needs increase - the smooth muscles relax
• submucosal glands that assist in cleaning the trachea
• rigid & flexible

Question 4

when oxygen needs increase what happens in tracheal rings

Answer 4

smooth muscles relax

Question 5

esophagus

Answer 5

• long collapsed tube that runs behind trachea
• always closed except when swallowing or vomiting

Question 6

left main stem bronchi

Answer 6

45-55 degree angle relative to trachea

Question 7

right main stem bronchi

Answer 7

20-30 degree angle

Question 8

right lung has what

Answer 8

most direct route for bacteria or food

Question 9

how many lobes in right lung

Answer 9

3 lobes separated by fissuers
- superior, middle, inferior lobes
- 28 generations of bronchial tree

Question 10

how many lobes in left lung

Answer 10

2 lobes
- space on left is taken up by heart
- superior and inferior lobes
- 14 generations of bronchial tree

Question 11

primary bronchial tree

Answer 11

mainstem bronchi bifurcate from trachea

Question 12

secondary bronchial tree

Answer 12

bronchi serves lobes of lungs

Question 13

tertiary bronchial tree

Answer 13

serves segments of each lobe, divide repeatedly

Question 14

parts of bronchial tree

Answer 14

• primary, secondary, tertiary
• terminal bronchioles
• alveolar duct
• 300 million alveoli in mature lungs

Question 15

what is main “stem in grape vine”

Answer 15

respiratory bronchioles

Question 16

what is stem to each grape

Answer 16

alveolar duct

Question 17

what is individual grape

Answer 17

alveoli

Question 18

what happens to alveoli in inhalation

Answer 18

• oxygen fills alveoli
• oxygen moves through membrane & oxygenates the red blood cells
• carbon dioxide leaves blood cells & moves into alveoli

Question 19

what happens to alveoli in exhalation

Answer 19

• carbon dioxide moves out

Question 20

what are some protectants

Answer 20

• nasal and oral passageways
• nostril hairs
• moist mucous membrane
• goblet cells
• epithelium covered by cilia
• lymphatic system

Question 21

nostril hairs

Answer 21

first line of defense, catching most particulate matter greater than 10 microns

Question 22

moist mucous membrane of what

Answer 22

upper respiratory system

Question 23

goblet cells within mucosal lining

Answer 23

secrete a lubricant into the respiratory tract to trap pollutatnts

Question 24

epithelium covered by cilia

Answer 24

lines whole respiratory passageway and beat more than 1000 times per minute - drives the pollutants upward and posteriorly

Question 25

beating ephithelia

Answer 25

• move material up the vocal folds
• stimulates secretion at the vocal folds and we clear our throats - usually eradicate particles within the 2-10 micron range

Question 26

lymphatic system

Answer 26

• provides final cleaning stage
• pollutants that are not moved by beating epithelia are suspended to mucus and migrate to bronchioles through coughing, where they can be eliminated from lymphatic system

Question 27

respiratory passageway

Answer 27

protects lungs by warming and humidifying the air as it enters

Question 28

alveoli

Answer 28

• v thin membranes
• each one is richly supplied with blood for gas exchange
• pulmonary artery branches serve the gas exchange process at the alveolar level