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Drugs and Toxicology > Lecture 3: Variation in Toxic Responses > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Variation in Toxic Responses Flashcards

1
Q

What is a toxin?

A

Toxin generally refers to toxic substances that are produced by biological systems such as plants, animals, fungi, or bacteria.

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2
Q

What is a toxicant?

A

Toxicant describes toxic substances that are produced by or are a by-product of anthropogenic (human-made).

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3
Q

Factors determining adverse effects?

A
  • Intrinsic toxicity
  • Dose
  • Exposure conditions
  • Response of host
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4
Q

What are biomarkers?

A

Biomarkers are chemicals, metabolites, susceptibility characteristics, or changes in the body that relate to the exposure of an organism to a chemical.

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5
Q

How can toxicity of a chemical be determined?

A
  1. Epidemiology
  2. In vivo
  3. In vitro
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6
Q

How can we determine toxicity by Epidemiology?

A

By observing human, animal, or plant populations exposed to a chemical.

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7
Q

How can we determine toxicity by In vivo?

A

By administering the chemical to animals or plants under controlled conditions and observing the effects

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8
Q

How can we determine toxicity by in vitro?

A

By exposing cells, subcellular fractions, or single-celled organisms to the chemical

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9
Q

What are Cyanotoxins?

A

These are (hepatoxin) are toxins that are produced by bacteria called cyanobacteria or blue algae.

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10
Q

What is hepatotoxicity?

A

Damage to the liver caused by a medicine, chemical, or herbal or dietary supplement.

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11
Q

What causes blood and cardiovascular toxicity?

A

damage to the liver caused by a medicine, chemical, or herbal or dietary supplement.

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12
Q

What causes dermal toxcity?

A

This toxicity may occur when a toxicant comes into direct contact with the skin
or the toxicant is distributed to the skin internally.

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13
Q

What is eye toxcity?

A

This toxicity is as a results of direct contact with a toxicant/toxin or internal
distribution to the eye.

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14
Q

What is immunotoxicity?

A

Immunotoxicity is toxicity of the immune system which takes numerous forms:
* Hypersensitivity (allergy and autoimmunity)
* Immunodeficiency
* Uncontrolled proliferation

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15
Q

How does nephrotoxicity occur?

A

The Kidneys is susceptible to toxicants as a result of its high volume of
blood flows through the organ thus filtering large amounts of toxins which
can concentrate inside our kidney tubules.

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16
Q

What is nephrotoxicity ?

A

The toxicity to the kidneys.

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17
Q

What is neurotoxicity?

A

Neurotoxicity involve toxicant damages to cells of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves outside the CNS).

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18
Q

What are the primary types of neurotoxicity?

A

Neuronopathies (neuron injury)
* Axonopathies (axon injury)
* Demyelination (loss of axon insulation)
* Interference with neurotransmission

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19
Q

What is reproductive toxicity?

A

This toxicity involves toxicant damage to either the male or female reproductive system.

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20
Q

What is Respiratory Toxicity?

A

This toxicity relates to effects on the upper respiratory system (nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea) and the lower respiratory system (bronchi, bronchioles, and lung alveoli)

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21
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

A drug is harmful to a pathogen without being harmful to the host.

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22
Q

What is therapuetic index?

A

The ratio of the dose required to produce a toxic effect and the dose needed to elicit the desired therapeutic response.

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23
Q

What is a disadvantage of selective toxicity?

A

Because of biodiversity, it is not always possible to predict the toxic effect on humans and laboratory animals.

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24
Q

What is mechanism of action?

A

A term used to describe how a drug or other substance produces an effect in the body.

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25
Q

What is an agonist?

A

a drug that binds to the receptor, producing a similar response to the intended chemical and receptor

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26
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

a drug that binds to the receptor either on the primary site, or on another site, which all together stops the receptor from producing a response.

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27
Q

What is sub acute exposure in Animal Toxicity Tests?

A

Exposure to chemical for 1 month or less

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28
Q

What is sub chronic exposure in Animal Toxicity Tests?

A

Exposure to chemical for 1-3
months.

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29
Q

What is chronic exposure in Animal Toxicity Tests?

A

Exposure to chemical for more than 3 months

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30
Q

What are the two principle of animal toxicity test?

A
  1. Any information about toxicity gleaned from laboratory animals, are applicable to humans.
  2. That a high toxic dosage is needed for use in experimental exercises. It is a valid and accepted method.
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31
Q

What is the aim of Animal Toxicity Tests?

A

They are done to prove that chemicals have the potential to cause toxic effects, and not done to prove if chemicals are safe.

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32
Q

Good Laboratory Practice Guidelines Test what in Descriptive Animal Toxicity Tests?

A
  1. Acute Lethality
  2. Skin and Eye Irritation
  3. Sub-acute
  4. Sub-chronic
  5. Chronic
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33
Q

What is Acute Lethality Test purpose?

A

– Compare the LD50 to other known compounds
– Identify target organs for the toxic agent if any
– Identify a remedy for the toxic response
– Provide a dose-range guide for other studies

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34
Q

What is drug concentration?

A

Concentration is a measure of the amount of dissolved substance contained per unit of volume.

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35
Q

What is drug dosage?

A

Dose is the amount of a substance administered at one time

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36
Q

What are types of dose?

A
  1. Exposure dose
  2. Absorbed dose
  3. Administered dose
  4. Total dose
37
Q

What is exposure dose?

A

This is the amount of senobiotic encountered in the environment.

38
Q

What is absorbed dose?

A

This is the actual amount of the exposed dose that enters the body.

39
Q

What is administered dose?

A

This is the quantity administered usually orally or by injection.

40
Q

What is total dose?

A

This is the sum of all individual doses.

41
Q

What is first test to be performed on a new chemical in Descriptive Animal Toxicity Tests?

A

Acute Lethality

42
Q

Daily Examination for Acute Lethality examines for?

A
  1. Morbidity
  2. Weight
  3. Lethargy – weariness, fatigue, laziness
  4. Food Consumption
  5. Behavior modification
43
Q

What type of volunteer are used in acute lethality?

A

Adult male and female animals are used only.

44
Q

What is the Draize Test?

A

This is an acute toxicity test for assessing the effects of chemicals, substances and mixtures in terms of their potential to cause eye irritancy or damage to the eye.

45
Q

What is the overall watching time for a lab animal after testing?

46
Q

What is the second test done in animal toxicity test?

A

Skin and Eye Irritations.

47
Q

Why is Skin and Eye Irritations test done in Animal Toxicity Test?

A

Done due to the probability of skin and eye irritation occurring after acute exposure.

48
Q

What is Erythema?

49
Q

What is Eschar?

50
Q

What is Edema?

51
Q

What is the third test in animal toxicity Tets?

A

Sensitization

52
Q

What is sensitization?

A

an inflammatory immune response that manifests only in some people and then frequently after repeated exposure. This is is a warning mechanism designed to protect the body from a strong allergic reaction.

53
Q

What is irritation?

A

a temporary damage to epidermal cells caused by direct contact with a substance, including ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products.

54
Q

What is Toxicodendron Radicans?

A

Poison Ivy

55
Q

Why do we do Sub-acute test?

A

Done to analyse effects of chemicals after short period exposure, through repeat administrations.

56
Q

Why do we do a sub chronic test?

A
  1. determining the organ(s) affected as a result of longer exposure.
  2. determine NOEL (NOAEL) and LOAEL which help to find the reference dose.
57
Q

What is test 4 & 5, respectively in animal toxicity tests?

A

Sub-acute and sub-chronic

58
Q

What does NOAEL mean?

A

No-observed-adverse-effect level

59
Q

What is NOAEL?

A

the largest dose at which no effects are observed or identified

60
Q

What is LOAEL?

A

The lowest tested dose of a substance that has been reported to cause harmful (adverse) health effects on people or animals.

61
Q

What are the volunteer in the sub chronic stage?

A

Makes use of two species: Rats and Dogs

62
Q

How many doses are applied in subchronic stage?

A

Three doses are applied

63
Q

What is Reference Dose (RfD)?

A

This is an oral dose of a toxic substance that is made acceptable by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

64
Q

What is sixth stage in animal toxicity tests?

65
Q

What is the purpose of Chronic sixth stage in animal toxicity stage?

A

It aids in analysing the overall toxic effects of substances while taking into consideration carcinogenic potential of the substance.

66
Q

What are factors for choosing chronic exposure testing period?

A
  1. The intended use of the substance is for a short while. Chronic exposure of 6 months is acceptable. E.g. Antibiotic
  2. Exposure to the substance is intended for life time exposure in human. Chronic exposure testing of 2 years is acceptable. Food additives
67
Q

What is MTD acronym ?

A

Maximum Tolerable Dose

68
Q

What is MTD?

A

The highest dose of a drug or treatment that does not cause unacceptable side effects.

69
Q

What is the seventh stage of animal toxicity testing?

A

Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity

70
Q

What is Developmental Toxicity Testing?

A

The study of adverse effects on an organism from before conception to puberty due to exposure to toxins/toxicants.

71
Q

What is teratology?

A

A sub study of organism developmental analysis, it is concerned with defects that occur between conception and birth.

72
Q

What is Embryolethality?

A

failure to convince, spontaneous abortion or still birth.

73
Q

What is Embryotoxicity?

A

growth retardation or delayed growth of specific organ systems.

74
Q

What is teratogenicity?

A

irreversible conditions that leave permanent birth defects in live offspring.

75
Q

How many segments are there development and reproductive toxicity?

A

There are 3 segments.

76
Q

What are the 3 segments in development and reproductive toxicity?

A

Segments I: Fertility and Reproductive Performance
Segments II: Teratogenicity Toxicity
Segments III: Perinatal and Prenatal

77
Q

What is the purpose of segement I in development and reproductive toxicity?

A

Looks at the adverse effects induced by toxins and toxicants on fertility and reproduction

78
Q

When are teratogenicity toxicity most potent?

A

Teratogens are most potent in the 1st trimester

79
Q

What occurs in segment II in development and reproductive toxicity?

A

Foetuses are removed and the live, dead are taken into account

80
Q

What are the groups of live foetuses?

A
  1. Ones on which skeletal abnormalities are analysed
  2. Ones on which tissue abnormalities are analysed
81
Q

What is the purpose of segment III in development and reproductive toxicity?

A

The substance of interest is administered to rats on the 15th day of gestration throughout dilivery and lactation

82
Q

What effects are analysed in the first three weeks of segement III?

A
  1. Weight
  2. Survival
  3. Growth
83
Q

What is the eigth test in animal toxicity test?

A

Mutagenicity

84
Q

What is Mutagenicity?

A

Mutagenicity refers to the changes influenced by substances to genetic material of a cell, which are transmitted through cell division.

85
Q

What are the types of mutagenicity?

A
  1. Germanic/Germline Mutations
  2. Somatic Mutations
86
Q

What is the process of mutagenesis?

A

is a process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed by the production of a mutation. It may occur spontaneously in nature, or as a result of exposure to mutagens.

87
Q

What are Germanic/Germline Mutations?

A

Mutations that occur in the germ (sex) cells of living organisms.

88
Q

What are the consequences of Germanic Mutations?

A
  1. Early death or abnormality during embryonic
    development
  2. Early death or abnormality during developmental stages of organism
89
Q

What are the consequences of Somatic Mutations?

A
  1. Cell death
  2. Transmission of mutations to other like cells causing future abnormalities

Drugs and Toxicology (14 decks)

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