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Drugs and Toxicology > Lecture 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is toxicology

A

Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.

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2
Q

What is poison?

A

A substance is taken internally or applied externally that is injurious to health or dangerous to life.

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3
Q

What is Toxin?

A

A poison produced by a living organism.

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4
Q

What is toxicant?

A

Poisonous, of poisons; from Greek “Toxikon”…“poison
for arrows”.

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5
Q

What does the term DUI mean?

A

driving under the influence

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6
Q

What does the term ABFT mean?

A

American Board of Forensic Toxicology

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7
Q

What does ASCLAD mean?

A

American Society of Crime Lab. Directors

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8
Q

What does pharmacokinetic mean?

A

The effect of the body on a drug (ADME ) and how drugs enter and exit the body.

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9
Q

What does ADME mean?

A

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

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10
Q

What does pharmacodynamic mean?

A

The branch of pharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action.

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11
Q

What is the meaning of synergism?

A

These are substances with additive effect; the interaction of two or more drugs when their combined effect is greater than the sum of the effects seen when each drug is given alone.

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12
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Larger doses of a drug required to produce the same effect.

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13
Q

What is a drug?

A

An item or substance that causes the alteration of normality to a biological system whether it be for by medical or illegal means.

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13
Q

Two Major Groups of Drugs

A

Pharmaceuticals & Controlled

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14
Q

What are controlled drugs?

A

Substances considered to be potentially abused, and poses a risk to the process of life in general.

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15
Q

What is Mechanistic Toxicology?

A

The study of how chemical or physical agents interact with living organisms to cause toxicity.

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16
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

An agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, that causes genetic mutation. eg: UV Rays

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17
Q

What is Genotoxicity?

A

The ability of a compound to damage genetic information in a cell, in addition to drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

18
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

Any substance or radiation that is an agent directly involved in causing cancer.

19
Q

Types of Toxicology?

A
  • Descriptive Toxicology
  • Regulatory Toxicology
  • Clinical Toxicology
  • Environmental Toxicology
  • Forensics Toxicology
20
Q

What is the length of Acute Exposure?

A

It is less than 24hr.

21
Q

What is the meaning of Side Effect?

A

It is considered as outcome that is undesired, but usually harmless.

22
Q

What is Toxic Effect?

A

These are outcomes that are harmful to the organism.

23
Q

What is the length of Chronic Exposure?

A

24hrs and more

24
Q

What are allergies?

A

Allergies is when individual has a hypersensitivity to a substance that does not normally cause a reaction.

25
Q

What is Chemical Idiosyncrasy?

A

This is genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical.

26
Q

What is Immediate Toxicity Effect?

A

This occurs rapidly after a single administration.

27
Q

What is Delayed Toxicity Effect?

A

This occurs after some time has passed after administration.

28
Q

What is Reversible Toxic Effect?

A

The ability of remedies to remove deleterious damage done by toxic agents.

29
Q

What is Irreversible Toxic Effect?

A

The ability of remedies to fix damages cause by toxic agents

30
Q

What is the Local Toxic Effects?

A

A toxic effect that occurs between the toxicant and the surface it first comes in contact with

31
Q

What is the Systemic Toxic Effects?

A

This is a toxic effect that occurs at a target organ, after absorption and distribution of the toxicant/toxin.

32
Q

What is LD50 median Lethal Dose?

A

The amount of chemical received in one dose that kills exactly 50% of the animals(usually rats and mice) in a test population(60-200 animals).

33
Q

What is TD50 median Toxic Dose?

A

The dose required to get 50% of the population reporting this specific toxic effect

34
Q

What is the ED50 median Effective Dose?

A

The dose of a drug which produces the desired response in 50% of the subjects.

35
Q

What are pharmaceuticals?

A

These are substances created for medicinal usage.

36
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

Any agent that can disturb the development of
an embryo or fetus.

37
Q

What is Descriptive Toxicology?

A

This is a branch of toxicology that focuses on toxicity testing of chemicals or agents of toxicity, usually on animals and then correlated to human conditions.

38
Q

What is Clinical Toxicology?

A

A branch of toxicology Clinical toxicology involves the research, prevention and treatment of diseases caused by chemicals, drugs and toxins both chronic or acute exposure and treatment to ameliorate signs and symptoms exhibited by the toxic agent.

39
Q

What is Environmental Toxicology?

A

A branch of toxicology that focuses on the exposure of the chemical varieties of toxicants found in the general living environment.

40
Q

How do we classify toxic agents?

A
  1. States of matter
  2. Chemical Stability or Reactivity
  3. Chemical Structure
  4. Poisoning Potential
  5. MOA
41
Q

What are the Routes and Sites of Exposure?

A
  1. Ingestion (GI tract)
  2. Inhalation (Lungs)
  3. Dermal/Topical (Skin)
  4. Bloodstream (Intravenous)
42
Q

What are the factors that affect toxic effect?

A
  1. Route of entry
  2. Concentration of toxic agent
  3. Amount of exposure to toxic agent
43
Q

How do we categorize the duration and frequency of exposure?

A

Acute & Chronic

Drugs and Toxicology (14 decks)

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