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Kinesiology > Lecture 3- Thoracic Spine and Ribs, Lumbar Spine and Pelvis > Flashcards

Lecture 3- Thoracic Spine and Ribs, Lumbar Spine and Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

THORACIC SPINE AND RIBS

A

THORACIC SPINE AND RIBS

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2
Q

The ___ and ____ thoracic vertebrae are considered transitional vertebrae.

A

1st and 12th

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3
Q

What makes ribs articulation with T1 and T10-T12 atypical?

A

They have a full costal facet as opposed to demifacets.

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4
Q

The typical thoracic body is wedge shaped for what reason?

A

kyphotic curve

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5
Q

Do the typical thoracic vertebrae bodies have full facets or demifacets?

A

demifacets

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6
Q

Do the typical thoracic veretebrae have small or large intervertebral discs? How are they shaped?

A
  • small, meaning less motion

- wedge shaped just like the bodies

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7
Q

The pedicles of typical thoracic vertebrae face _________, resulting in what?

A
  • posteriorly

- narrowing of the vertebral canal

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8
Q

Less motion at the thoracic vertebrae decreases risk for what?

A

impingement on spinal cord due to narrowing of the canal

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9
Q

The typical thoracic vertebrae articular pillars facet joints lie ___ off the frontal plane allowing greater motion into ___________ and __________ and less __________/_________.

A
  • 20 degrees
  • lateral flexion and rotation
  • flexion/extension
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10
Q

The typical thoracic vertebrae spinous processes slope inferiorly from T_ to T_. The tip of spinous process lies at the level of the _______ vertebrae for the majority of the thoracic spine.

A
  • T5-T8

- caudal

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11
Q

The typical thoracic vertebrae joint capsule is more _____ resulting in what?

A
  • taut

- less mobility/more stability

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12
Q

The ligamentum flavum and anterior longitudinal ligament are ______ in the thoracic spine.

A

thicker, limiting mobility

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13
Q

Where is the costovertebral joints?

A 
Typical Vertebrae (T2-T9)
-head of rib on demifacet of vertebrae above and below and intervertebral disc
Atypical Vertebrae (T1, T10-T12)
-head of rib on facet of one vertebral body
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14
Q

Is the atypical or typical costovertebral joint more mobile?

A

atypical

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15
Q

The costovertebral joint is a ________ type joint that permits ________ and ________.

A
  • synovial

- gliding and rotation

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16
Q

The costotransverse joint is a _____ type joint.

A

synovial

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17
Q

T1-T6 costotransverse joints are ______ costal facets of transverse processes with _______ costal tubercle.
T1-T6 promotes __________ movement.

A
  • concave
  • convex
  • rotational
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18
Q

T7-T10 costotransverse joints are a _____ articular surface that allows for ________ movement.

A
  • flat

- gliding

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19
Q

Do T11 and T12 articulate at a costotransverse joint?

A

No

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20
Q

The costochondral joints are ________ joints which is what?

These joints have no __________ support.

A
  • synchondrosis joints, immovable joint bound by cartilage

- ligamentous

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21
Q
  • The 1st chondrosternal joint is a _______ joint.
  • The 2nd through the 5th chondrosternal joints are _________ joints.
  • The 6th through the 7th chondrosternal joints are ________ or ________ joints.
A
  • synchondrosis
  • synovial
  • synchondrosis or synovial
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22
Q

Do chondrosternal joints have ligamentous support?

A

Yes

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23
Q

As we age, the ___________ joints can ossify leading to restrictive lung disease.

A

chondrosternal

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24
Q

What are the osteokinematic movements that can occur at the thoracic spine?

A
  • flexion/extension
  • lateral flexion
  • rotation
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25
Q

What limits flexion at the thoracic spine?

A
  • PLL
  • ligamentum flavum
  • interspinous ligaments
  • capsule of facet joints
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26
Q

What limits extension at the thoracic spine

A
  • contact of spinous processes
  • laminae
  • ALL
  • capsule of facet joint
  • abdominal muscles
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27
Q

What limits lateral flexion at the thoracic spine?

A

facets and ribs

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28
Q

What limits rotation at the thoracic spine?

A

ribs

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29
Q

In regards to the arthrokinematics occuring at the thoracic spine, the facet joint slides _____ and ________ for flexion, ________ and ________ for extension.

A
  • superior and anterior

- inferior and posterior

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30
Q

What thoracic vertebrae are very limited in flexion/extension and why?

A

T1-T6 due to rib cage and frontal orientation of facets

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31
Q

The lower thoracic have a higher ability to flex and extend, why?

A

The facet joints have a more sagittal orientation

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32
Q

In regards to the arthrokinematics occuring at the thoracic spine, the facet joint on the contralateral side is sliding _______ while side bending, while the facet joint on the ipsilateral side is sliding __________.

A
  • superior

- inferior

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33
Q

When side bending, what is also occuring at the thoracic spine?

A

rotation

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34
Q

What restricts the motion of lateral flexion (side bending)?

A

facet joint approximation

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35
Q

In regards to the arthrokinematics occuring at the thoracic spine, the facet joints on the contralateral side will slide ________ during rotation while the facet joints on the ipsilateral side will slide ________.

A
  • anteror

- posterior

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36
Q

When rotation occurs, what is also occuring at the thoracic spine?

A

side bending

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37
Q

What restricts the motion of rotation?

A

motion at costovertebral and costotransverse joints and ability of ribs to deform

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38
Q

The amount of rotation _________ in the lower part of the thoracic spine due to facet orientation.

A

-decreases

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39
Q

The upper thoracic spine (T1-T6), lateral flexion and rotation are in the ______ direction. In the lower thoracic spine, lateral flexion and rotation are in the ________ direction.

A
  • same

- opposite

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40
Q

The upper ribs (2-7) is our ____ handle ribs and the diameter change occurs _______/________.

A
  • pump

- anterior/posterior

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41
Q

The lower ribs (8-10) is our ______ handle ribs and the diameter change occurs _____/_______.

A
  • bucket

- medial/lateral

42
Q

Describe the muscle activation that occurs when doing a diagonal situp.

A
  • external oblique on one side acts synergistically with the internal oblique on the other side
  • transverse abominis acts as stabilizer for the obliques
43
Q

What are the primary axial rotators?

A

-external and internal obliques

44
Q

What are the secondary axial rotators?

A
  • ipsilateral latissimus dorsi
  • ipsilateral iliocostalis lumborum
  • contralateral transversospinal muscles
45
Q

The multifidi is crucial for _______ stability in lumbar region during axial rotation.

A

extension

46
Q

What are the overall functions of the thoracic spine and ribs?

A
  • less flexible more stable
  • motion is limited secondary to rib cage, spinous processes, taut facet joint capsules, ligamentum flavum and the dimensions of the discs and vertebral bodies
  • stable base for muscles that influence craniocervical region
  • protection for the thoracic organs
47
Q

What is scoliosis and where is it most common?

A
  • deformity of the vertebal column

- thoracic spine

48
Q

What is the difference between functional and structural scoliosis?

A
  • Functional- can be corrected actively

- Structural- can’t be corrected actively

49
Q

What is hyperkyphosis?

A

excessive thoracic kyphosis (humpback)

50
Q

Hyperkyphosis significantly ___________ interbody joint compression

A

increases, may result in compression fracture

51
Q

LUMBAR SPINE AND PELVIS

A

LUMBAR SPINE AND PELVIS

52
Q

The body of the lumbar vertebrae have a ________ transverse diameter, why?

A
  • large

- allows for accepting greater compressive loads from the upper body and the ground reactive forces

53
Q

The vertebral foramen of the lumbar spine is shaped like a _________. It is larger than the ________ but smaller than the _________.

A
  • triangle
  • thoracic
  • cervical
54
Q

L5 is a __________ vertebrae.

A

transitional

55
Q

L5 has a _____ shaped body and has a smaller _______ process but a larger ________ process.

A
  • wedge
  • spinous
  • transverse
56
Q
  • The facet joints at the lumbar vertebrae are _______ and _______.
  • Anteriorly, the facet joint is aligned nearly with the _______ plane, resisting anterior ______ force.
  • Posteriorly, the face joint is aligned nearly with the ________ plane, allowing for greater _______/________ but limiting _________.
A
  • curved and biplanar
  • frontal, shear
  • sagittal, flexion/extension, rotation
57
Q

The joint capsules in the lumbar region are ____ taut than the thoracic region, resulting in what?

A
  • less

- more mobility

58
Q

What is the lumbosacral angle?

A

formed from the 5th lumbar vertebrae and 1st sacral segment

59
Q

Why is the lumbosacral junction an area susceptible to injury and shearing?

A

An increase in the lumbosacral angle= increased lordosis which increases the amount of shearing forces

60
Q

What are the structures that resist natural shearing force at the lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • intervertebral disc
  • facet joint capsules
  • ALL and iliolumbar ligaments
61
Q

What is spondylolisthesis and where is it most common?

A
  • slipping of one vertebrae down another

- most common at L5-S1 junction

62
Q

The lumbar discs are the ______ discs in the spine.

A

largest

63
Q

The anulus fibrosis has ________ layers oriented in opposite directions at ____ degrees to resist tensile forces in nearly all directions.

A
  • alternating

- 120

64
Q

The sacroiliac joint is a compound joint with an anterior _______ joint at the articular surfaces and a posterior __________ joint at the tuberosities.

A
  • synovial

- syndesmosis

65
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis and what muscles provide support to this area?

A
  • cartilaginous joint

- transverse abdominis, rectus abdominis, internal oblique, adductor longus

66
Q

What are the osteokinematics of the lumbar spine?

A
  • flexion/extension
  • lateral flexion
  • rotation
  • coupled lateral flexion and rotation usually occurs, however, the pattern is inconsistent
67
Q

In regards to the arthrokinematics of the lumbar vertebrae, the facet will glide ________ and _________ with flexion.

A
  • superior

- anterior

68
Q

When flexing, we get _____ tilting between the bodies of the vertebrae.

A

anterior

69
Q

In regards to the arthrokinematics of the lumbar vertebrae, the facet joint will glide ________ and ____________ with extension.

A
  • inferior

- posterior

70
Q

The greatest lumbar extension motion occurs in which lumbar segments?

A

inferior

71
Q

In regards to the arthrokinematics of the lumbar vertebrae, the facet joint will glide ________ on the contralateral side and will glide ___________ on the ipsilateral side when performing lateral flexion.

A
  • superior

- inferior

72
Q

The greatest lumbar lateral flexion motion occurs in which lumbar segments?

A

superior

73
Q

The coupling pattern is __________ in the lumbar vertebrae.

A

inconsistent

74
Q

In regards to the arthrokinematics of the lumbar vertebrae, the facet joint will glide ______ on the ipsilateral side and in a neutral spine it will __________ with rotation.

A
  • posterior

- distract

75
Q

In regards to the arthrokinematics of the lumbar vertebrae, the facet joint will glide ________ on the contralateral side and in a neutral spine it will __________ with rotation.

A
  • anterior

- approximate

76
Q

The greatest lumbar rotation motion occurs in which lumbar segments?

A

superior

77
Q

What is the lumbo-pelvic rhythm and in what motions does this occur?

A
  • relationship of the lumbar spine and hip joints

- occur in flexion/extension

78
Q

Lumbar flexion with pelvis rotation ________ ROM.

A

increases

79
Q

When bending over to touch the toes, _______ flexion is followed by _______ tilting of the pelvis.

A
  • lumbar

- anterior

80
Q

When rising from a toe touch position, ________ tilting is followed by _______ extension.

A
  • posterior

- lumbar

81
Q

Movement of the pelvis ______ motion and also ________ amount of flexibility required of the lumbar region.

A
  • increases

- reduces

82
Q

What is the impact on ROM if the lumbo-pelvic rhythm is impaired?

A

ROM is decreased whether we have hypomoility at pelvis or at the lumbar region

83
Q

Active muscle force is essential for stabilizing the vertebral column and is often referred to as ____________.

A

core stability

84
Q

What muscles provide muscular stability to the trunk? What are intrinsic? What are extrinsic?

A 
Intrinsic Stabilizers
-semispinalis
-multifidi
-rotatores
-interspinales
intertransversarius
Extrinsic Stabilizers
-rectus abdominus
-external and internal obliques
-transverse abdominis
-erector spinae
-quadratus lumborum
-psoas major
85
Q

What does having a stable core do?

A
  • provides structural integrity
  • optimizes posture
  • limiits excess micromotion
  • provides firm base for extremity movement
86
Q

What is the muscle activation that occurs with a full sit-up?

A
  • Trunk flexion with the rectus abdominus

- Hip flexion occurs with continued activation of the abdominals and recruitment of the hip flexors

87
Q

When performing a sit-up, weak abdominals will result in what?

A

early hip flexion due to hip flexor dominance of the activity

88
Q

What are recommended lifting mechanics? Why are these strategies preferred?

A

Reduce velocity of lifting
-decreases amount of back extensor muscle force needed
Reduce magnitude of external load
-reduced weight reduces strain
Reduce length of EMA (extensor moment arm)
-keeping the load close to you makes it easier to lift

89
Q

Difference between a stoop and a squat lift.

A

Stoop
-primarily extending hips and lumbar
-associated with greater flexion of low back
-greater extension force required from low back and trunk due to longer EMA
-can result in large compression and shear forces on discs
Squat
-begins with knee in max flexion
-extension of knees and hips powered by quads and hip extensors
-allows load to be raised between knees
-EMA is reduced between load and trunk
-advocated as safer

90
Q

Does the SI joint move?

A

Slightly, nothing that is clinically detectable

91
Q

What are the two terms used to describe the movement of the sacrum on the innominate (hipbone)?

A
  • Nutation

- Counternutation

92
Q

What is nutation?

A

Describes the sacral promontory moving anteriorly and inferiorly/ sacral apex moving posterior and superiorly

93
Q

What is counternutation?

A

Describes the sacral promontory moving posteriorly and superiorly/ sacral apex moving anteriorly

94
Q

What is anterior/posterior pelvic tilt?

A

Anterior- ASIS and pubic symphysis move inferiorly

Posterior- ASIS and pubic symphysis move superiorly

95
Q

How does nutation provide stability?

A

increased nutation at the SI joint tightens several ligaments around the SI joint thus increasing stability and decreasing mobility

96
Q

Nutation provides increased _______ thus improving __________.

A
  • compression

- stability

97
Q

What are forces contributing to the nutation torque?

A
  • gravity (1st line of stability)
  • stretched ligaments (Interosseous and sacrotuberous ligaments)
  • muscle activation
98
Q

What is the close-packed position of the SI joint?

A

full nutation

99
Q

What muscles reinforce the SI joint?

A
  • erector spinae and lumbar multifidi
  • diaphragm and pelvic floor
  • abdominal muscles
  • hip extensor (glut max and biceps femoris)
  • latissimus dorsi
  • iliacus and piriformis
100
Q

Flexion increases pressure on the _______ disc and shifts disc material _________.

A
  • anterior

- posterior

101
Q

What are the primary functions of the lumbar spine and pelvis?

A
  • primary function is to provide support for weight of the upper body
  • also designed to withstand tremendous compressive loads applied with muscle contraction
  • transmit force of vertebral column to LE
  • releive stress on the pelvic ring created by movement of the trunk and lower extremities

Kinesiology (9 decks)

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