Lecture 3- The female reproductive tract Flashcards

1
Q

overview of the female repro system- do a purpose games

A
  • Bladder anterior
  • Rectum posterior
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2
Q

Microstructure of the ovary

A

Directly homologous to the testes and descend similarly to testes (stops descending before the testes do)

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3
Q

hilum of the ovary is where

A

blood vessels enter and exit the ovarian tissue.

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4
Q

the ovaries are lined by

A
  • a germinal epithelium- where the gametes (eggs) are formed (similar epithelium of the seminal vesicle tubercles)
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5
Q

Capsule around the ovary made from

A

peritoneum

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6
Q

Why do I sometimes get a sharp pain at ovulation?

A

Mature follicle rupturing through ovarian capsule (during ovulation on day 14)

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7
Q

Why do nuns tend to get ovarian cancer?

A
  • Every time a follicle ruptures the capsule of the ovary it damages it
  • This leaves to mitosis increases chance of mutations in the ovarian capsule
  • Therefore the more ovulations you have the more likely you are to get cancer
  • Therefore being a nun you don’t have children or go on the pill so you get maximum number of ovulations
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8
Q

ovarian cysts

A
  • Generally small
  • Women usually don’t know they have a cyst
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9
Q
  • Presentation of ovarian cyst:
A
  • Pain and bloating
    • If it ruptures
    • Could twist and occlude a blood supply
    • Discomfort during intercourse
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10
Q

The uterine tubes fuse with the

A

uterus

  • At the end of the uterine tubes we have the opening where the egg has to go to get into the female tract
  • Surrounded by the fimbriae
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11
Q

gross anatomy of cervic

A

Fundus- top of the uterus

Body- majority

Cervix- bottom leading to the vagina

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12
Q

Uterus sits

*

A
  • behind and above the bladder and anterior to the rectum.
  • Covered by peritoneal layers
    • Rectouterine pouch
    • Vesicouterine pouch
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13
Q

the cervix : what isthe hole facing the vagina called

A

the external oss of the cervix

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14
Q

outside of the cervix is covered in

A

squamous epithelium (external oss)

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15
Q

inside of cervix (cervical canal) lined with

A

strat columnar epithelium

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16
Q

in the cervix when the cervix goes from columnar to squamous…

A

transformation zone= where malignant changes can come – neoplasia can occur (where HPV virus has effect)

17
Q

normal cervix

A

can see where the columnar epithelium has come into the canal- compelltely normal- cervical ectrophia- appearance of cervix of someone ovulating, on the combined pill or if pregnant

  • External oss can be slit like (has had a child) or like a dot (has not had a child)
18
Q

abnormal cervix

A

cervical cancer

19
Q

How does the uterus expand as the fetus grows?

*

A

This is a term uterus (40 weeks gestation)

  • Goes from pelvic structure to abdominal structure
  • Fundus is right up to the transverse colon
  • May get gastroesophageal reflux
  • Compresses the rectum posteriorly
  • May get constipation
  • Squashes the bladder
  • May cause urinary frequency
  • The round ligament of the uterus and the uterosacral ligament get stretched
    • Can cause pain
20
Q

outline the structures of the uterine tubes

A
  • Fimbria hold the ovary
  • Fimbria connected to the tube by the infundibulum- acts as a funnel to guid the egg
  • Infundibulum opens into the ampulla (where fertilisation occurs)
  • Then the tube narrows to become the isthmus where it enters the uterine cavity
21
Q

lining of uterine tube

A

Lining

  • Lined by ciliated cells- waft ovum towards uterus
  • Very convoluted
  • Peg cells (secretory)- release substances that support the egg and sperm
    • Sperms swims all the way up the tube and can go into the peritoneum
22
Q

If the descent of the zygote is impaired it may implant in the tube-

A

ectopic pregnancy

23
Q

The uterine tubes open into the

A

peritoneum

The tubes open into the peritoneum cavity- for a split second the egg is released into the peritoneal cavity before it is picked up by the fimbriae

  • Can insert a canula into the uterus and see a spill of contrast into the peritoneal cavity
  • Very rarely you can have ectopic that try and plant in the peritoneal cavity
24
Q

another risk of the urterine tubes being open into the peritoneum

A

Also risk of air entering the peritoneal cavity

e. g. if you sit on top of the bubbles in a jacuzzi
e. g. penis pushing air causing a pneumoperitoneum (air in the peritoneum).
e. g. Also risk of infection in the peritoneum- peritonitis.

25
peritoneal ligaments of the uterus and ovary
* broad ligament * round ligament * ligament of the ovary * suspensary ligament of the ovary
26
* **Broad ligament**
* peritoneal fold * Attaching the uterus to the pelvic side walls
27
* **Round ligament and ligament of the ovary are**
- remnants of the gubernaculum
28
* **Suspensory ligament of the ovary**
- neurovascular pathway bulging into the peritoneum
29
**The uterus and its relationship to the peritoneum**
* Beige covered peritoneum (not sure if its parietal or visceral) * **As if you’ve thrown a sheet over the pelvic organs and its landed on top of it and goes down between the uterus and the rectum (**Rectouterine **pouch) and the uterus and the bladder (vesicouterine pouch)**
30
arterial supply of the reproductive * **Arterial supply from the internal iliac arteries** organs
* **Arterial supply from the internal iliac arteries**
31
uterus supplies by the
uterine artery through the double fold of the broad ligament
32
vagina supplies by the
vaginal artery * **Anastomosis between the uterine and vaginal artery- can bleed a lot in surgery e.g. hysterectomy**
33
**Microanatomy of the vagina**
Very thick stratified squamous epithelium lining it
34
features of the statified squamous epithelium of the vagina
* Large granules containing glycogen- metabolised by various bacteria (lactobacilli) which they convert into lactic acid which helps to maintain an acidic pH * If you disrupt the bacteria (e.g. with a douchebag) you can increase the pH of the bacteria and cause thrush
35
**Describing the position of the uterus and vagina**
Uterus is a mobile structure- tethered at the round ligaments helping to pull the uterus in anteverted/anteflexed position * If the axis of the vagina is less than 180 degrees the uterus is anteflexed * If its greater than 180 – pointing back- retroflexed * Angle of the cervix is less than 180- cervix is anteverted * If more than 180- retroverted
36
the vulva
The vulva is the outer part of the female reproductive system. It's also called the external genitalia.
37
types of FGM