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Hygiene & Pathology > Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

______ are transmitted by air or ingested

A

allergens

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2
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

most allergens are

A

proteins

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3
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

sometimes a _____ product can be an allergen when it mixes with a protein

A

oil

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4
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

_____ is when oil mixes with protein and becomes an allergen

A

hapten

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5
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

example of hapten

A

poison ivy
poison sumac
poison oak

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6
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

_____ can cause disease and are transmitted by air, ingested, etc

A

chemicals

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7
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

some _____ metals can cause pathologies

A

metals

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8
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what is greatest protective barrier

A

skin

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9
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what protects body if invasion occurs

A

immune system

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10
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

another method to protect ourselves

A

hand washing

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11
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

soap is a

A

surfactant

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12
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

soap does this

A

emulsifies

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13
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

avoid these areas: doorknobs, public pc keyboards, phones, etc

A

high contact areas

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14
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

wearing ____ like gloves, masks is another great way to protect self

A

protective gear

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15
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

washing your hands ______ massage is very important

A

before and after

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16
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

guidelines for hadnwashing

A

soap and warm/hot water
lather for 20 seconds
use clean paper towels to dry and turn off faucet/open doors
wash under fingernails and keep nails short

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17
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

if you have broken skin on hand

A

wear gloves/bandaid

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18
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

why be careful with oils

A

haptens and cause allergies
scent could be offensive
scent could trigger negative memories (PTSD)

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19
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what is best cleaner for table

A

10% bleach/water

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20
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

used on skin living tissues and creates a hostile environment for many bacteria

A

antiseptic

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21
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

example of antiseptics

A

antiseptic soap, rubbing alcohol, hydrogen peroxide

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22
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

are used on non -tissue and are “germicides”, “bacteriacides”, general kill microorganisms on non-living material

A

disinfectants

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23
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

examples of disinfectants

A

bleach, phenol, and boiling

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24
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

this kills every living thing within a field

A

sterilization

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25
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

example of sterilization

A

baking at 350 degrees F for 1 hour in autoclave

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26
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what can prevent most bacterial invasions

A

salt

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27
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

when is our skin salty

A

sweat

tears

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28
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

in mouth and tears there is enzyme _______ which kills pathogens

A

lysozyme

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29
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

in our ears _____ which causes bacteria to stick

A

cerumen/wax

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30
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

_______ which can kill bacteria is found in stomach

A

acidity

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31
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

where else is there aciditiy

A

skin

vagina

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32
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

_____ is found in urine and kills bacteria in urethra

A

ammonia

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33
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

mucous can be found in ________ causes pathogens to stick to it

A

respiratory

digetstive tracts

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34
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

______ is our respiratory tract help push up mucous

A

cilia

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35
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

_____ catches dust and pathogens

A

nasal hair

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36
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

erythrocytes are

A

rbc

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37
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what does erythrocytes carry

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

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38
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

platelets are also called

A

thrombocytes

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39
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what are platelets involved with

A

clotting

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40
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

main defense against pathogens

A

leukocytes (wbcs)

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41
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

2 categories of wbcs

A

granular

agranular

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42
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

granulocytes have extension of

A

-phils

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43
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

first responders

A

neutrophils

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44
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

which wbcs is most abundant

A

neutrophils

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45
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

“little eaters”

A

microphages

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46
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

who are microphages

A

neutrophils

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47
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

neutrophils attack

A

bacteria

fungi

48
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

do neutrophils live long

A

no. die quickly

49
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

basophils release

A

heparin

histamine

50
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what is histamine

A

inflammatory chemical

51
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

heparin is

A

anticlot

52
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what cells locally do same thing as basophils

A

mast cells

53
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

basophils are associated with

A

allergies

54
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

eosinophils are found

A

digestive tract

55
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

eosinophils attack

A

parasites

56
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

the agranular are

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

57
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

lymphocytes are involved with

A

immunity

58
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

monocytes are

A

macrophages “big eaters”

59
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

2nd to arrive to scene

A

monocytes

60
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

as monocytes enter tissue they become

A

macrophages

61
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

monocytes are sometimes

A

antigen presenting cells (APC)

62
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what assists immune system recognition and response to invasion

A

APC cell displaying part of antigen on its cell surface protein

63
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what are 4 cardinal signs of inflammation

A 
swelling
redness
heat/fever
pain
(loss of function)
64
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

process of inflammation

A

chemical alarm
vasodilation and capillary permeability
phagocytic migration

65
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what occurs in chemical alarm

A

chemicals are released via tissue injury, cell lysis due to mechanical injury/pathogen invasion

66
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what does aspirin target

A

reduction of prostaglandin

67
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

some chemicals called ______ cause fever

A

pyrogens

68
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what regulated pyrogens

A

hypothalamus

69
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

vasodilation and cpillary permeability cause

A

redness

heat

70
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

chemicals such as _____ cause areas of vasodialation

A

histamine

71
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

when vasodialtion occurs ….

A

blood vessels dilate
brings more blood
heat to area

72
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

______ refers to the capillaries opening up allowing things to pass through

A

capillary permeability

73
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

during capillary permeability it is thought as it swells it may press on ______ causing ______

A

sensory neurons

pain sensation

74
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

leukocytes migrate to the area in phagocytic migration by

A

chemotaxis

75
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

leukocytes follow a ____ trail

A

chemical

76
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

leukocytes move by

A

diapedesis

77
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

leukocytes adhere to tissues(capillary walls) by

A

margination

78
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

Nk is

A

natural killer

79
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

the NK are like the

A

police force

80
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

are NK phagocytes

A

no

81
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

how to NK kill?

A

release chemicals for chemotaxis

82
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

______ tend to be in tissues

A

mast cells

83
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

mast cells release

A

histamine

heparin

84
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

____ tends to bind to mast cells and basophils

A

Ig E

85
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

an important part of immune response is the recognition of ______

A

self virus non-self antigens

86
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

_____ is what lymphocytes undergo to recognize hat is self

A

maturation

87
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

______ is what is reached when the immune system will not attack self antigens

A

tolerance

88
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

when a foreign antigen is recognized by a _____, the _______ differentiates into a ______ or plasma cell

A

B cell
B cell
memory B cell

89
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

the plasma cell is a _______ making factory

A

antibody

90
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

do plasma cells make small/large amounts of antibodies?

A

large

91
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

plasma cell antibodies attach to the antigens on foreign bodies and help with 2 things:

A

makes pathogen easier to engulf by macrophage

can act like a net trapping the foreign body preventing movement and reporduction

92
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what is “makes tasty”

A

opsonization

93
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

the B cell matures what

A

bone

94
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

cell to cell immunity is called

A

cell mediated

95
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

T cells mature where

A

thymus

96
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what are the T cells

A

cytotoxic t cell
helper t cell
suppressor t cell

97
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

other names for cytotoxic t cell

A 
Tc-cell
CD8+
T8
CTL
killer T
98
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

cytotoxic T cells do what

A

attack body cells infected by viruses, bacteria, etc and lyse them by secreting chemicals (ie perforin)

99
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what does the helper T cell do

A

assist the B cell and Tc-cell by secreting cytokines

100
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

function of cytokines

A

accelerate maturation of Tc cells and plasma cells
attract macrophages o area
attract NK to the area

101
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

suppressor t cells do what

A

suppress the immune response (end the response)

102
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

how many types of hypersensitivities to allergies

A

4

103
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what is type I

A

acute

immediate reaction/quick sever reaction

104
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

Immunoglobin E (Ig E) quickly reacts in which type

A

I

105
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

examples of Type I allergies

A

peanut, shellfish

106
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

type II reactions are

A

cytotoxic

107
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

cytotoxic rells react against a

A

substance

108
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

example of type II reaction

A

mismatched blood transfusion

109
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

type III is a

A

immune complex

110
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

_________ are too small and cannot be cleared from area (type III reactions) - lung, kidney

A

antigen antibody complexes

111
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

type III also is inflammatory response with neutrophils and cell lysis that damage local tissues. examples;

A

lupus
Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE)
farmer’s lung (inhaling moldy hay)
mushroom grower’s lung (inhaling spores)

112
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

type IV is

A

delayed

113
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

how long does reaction in type IV take to occur

A

1-3 days

114
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what T cells are in Type IV

A

cytotoxic T cells

115
Q

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

examples of type IV

A

contact dermatitis

mantoux and tine tests (TB)

Hygiene & Pathology (8 decks)

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