Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology Flashcards
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
______ are transmitted by air or ingested
allergens
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
most allergens are
proteins
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
sometimes a _____ product can be an allergen when it mixes with a protein
oil
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
_____ is when oil mixes with protein and becomes an allergen
hapten
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
example of hapten
poison ivy
poison sumac
poison oak
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
_____ can cause disease and are transmitted by air, ingested, etc
chemicals
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
some _____ metals can cause pathologies
metals
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what is greatest protective barrier
skin
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what protects body if invasion occurs
immune system
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
another method to protect ourselves
hand washing
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
soap is a
surfactant
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
soap does this
emulsifies
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
avoid these areas: doorknobs, public pc keyboards, phones, etc
high contact areas
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
wearing ____ like gloves, masks is another great way to protect self
protective gear
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
washing your hands ______ massage is very important
before and after
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
guidelines for hadnwashing
soap and warm/hot water
lather for 20 seconds
use clean paper towels to dry and turn off faucet/open doors
wash under fingernails and keep nails short
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
if you have broken skin on hand
wear gloves/bandaid
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
why be careful with oils
haptens and cause allergies
scent could be offensive
scent could trigger negative memories (PTSD)
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what is best cleaner for table
10% bleach/water
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
used on skin living tissues and creates a hostile environment for many bacteria
antiseptic
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
example of antiseptics
antiseptic soap, rubbing alcohol, hydrogen peroxide
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
are used on non -tissue and are “germicides”, “bacteriacides”, general kill microorganisms on non-living material
disinfectants
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
examples of disinfectants
bleach, phenol, and boiling
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
this kills every living thing within a field
sterilization
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
example of sterilization
baking at 350 degrees F for 1 hour in autoclave
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what can prevent most bacterial invasions
salt
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
when is our skin salty
sweat
tears
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
in mouth and tears there is enzyme _______ which kills pathogens
lysozyme
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
in our ears _____ which causes bacteria to stick
cerumen/wax
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
_______ which can kill bacteria is found in stomach
acidity
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
where else is there aciditiy
skin
vagina
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
_____ is found in urine and kills bacteria in urethra
ammonia
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
mucous can be found in ________ causes pathogens to stick to it
respiratory
digetstive tracts
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
______ is our respiratory tract help push up mucous
cilia
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
_____ catches dust and pathogens
nasal hair
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
erythrocytes are
rbc
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what does erythrocytes carry
oxygen and carbon dioxide
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
platelets are also called
thrombocytes
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what are platelets involved with
clotting
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
main defense against pathogens
leukocytes (wbcs)
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
2 categories of wbcs
granular
agranular
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
granulocytes have extension of
-phils
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
first responders
neutrophils
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
which wbcs is most abundant
neutrophils
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
“little eaters”
microphages
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
who are microphages
neutrophils
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neutrophils attack
bacteria
fungi
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do neutrophils live long
no. die quickly
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basophils release
heparin
histamine
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what is histamine
inflammatory chemical
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
heparin is
anticlot
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what cells locally do same thing as basophils
mast cells
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basophils are associated with
allergies
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
eosinophils are found
digestive tract
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eosinophils attack
parasites
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the agranular are
lymphocytes
monocytes
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
lymphocytes are involved with
immunity
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
monocytes are
macrophages “big eaters”
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
2nd to arrive to scene
monocytes
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
as monocytes enter tissue they become
macrophages
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
monocytes are sometimes
antigen presenting cells (APC)
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what assists immune system recognition and response to invasion
APC cell displaying part of antigen on its cell surface protein
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what are 4 cardinal signs of inflammation
swelling redness heat/fever pain (loss of function)
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
process of inflammation
chemical alarm
vasodilation and capillary permeability
phagocytic migration
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what occurs in chemical alarm
chemicals are released via tissue injury, cell lysis due to mechanical injury/pathogen invasion
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what does aspirin target
reduction of prostaglandin
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some chemicals called ______ cause fever
pyrogens
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what regulated pyrogens
hypothalamus
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
vasodilation and cpillary permeability cause
redness
heat
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
chemicals such as _____ cause areas of vasodialation
histamine
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when vasodialtion occurs ….
blood vessels dilate
brings more blood
heat to area
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
______ refers to the capillaries opening up allowing things to pass through
capillary permeability
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
during capillary permeability it is thought as it swells it may press on ______ causing ______
sensory neurons
pain sensation
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
leukocytes migrate to the area in phagocytic migration by
chemotaxis
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
leukocytes follow a ____ trail
chemical
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
leukocytes move by
diapedesis
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
leukocytes adhere to tissues(capillary walls) by
margination
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Nk is
natural killer
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the NK are like the
police force
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are NK phagocytes
no
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how to NK kill?
release chemicals for chemotaxis
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______ tend to be in tissues
mast cells
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mast cells release
histamine
heparin
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____ tends to bind to mast cells and basophils
Ig E
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
an important part of immune response is the recognition of ______
self virus non-self antigens
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
_____ is what lymphocytes undergo to recognize hat is self
maturation
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
______ is what is reached when the immune system will not attack self antigens
tolerance
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
when a foreign antigen is recognized by a _____, the _______ differentiates into a ______ or plasma cell
B cell
B cell
memory B cell
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
the plasma cell is a _______ making factory
antibody
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
do plasma cells make small/large amounts of antibodies?
large
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
plasma cell antibodies attach to the antigens on foreign bodies and help with 2 things:
makes pathogen easier to engulf by macrophage
can act like a net trapping the foreign body preventing movement and reporduction
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what is “makes tasty”
opsonization
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
the B cell matures what
bone
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cell to cell immunity is called
cell mediated
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
T cells mature where
thymus
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what are the T cells
cytotoxic t cell
helper t cell
suppressor t cell
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
other names for cytotoxic t cell
Tc-cell CD8+ T8 CTL killer T
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
cytotoxic T cells do what
attack body cells infected by viruses, bacteria, etc and lyse them by secreting chemicals (ie perforin)
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what does the helper T cell do
assist the B cell and Tc-cell by secreting cytokines
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
function of cytokines
accelerate maturation of Tc cells and plasma cells
attract macrophages o area
attract NK to the area
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
suppressor t cells do what
suppress the immune response (end the response)
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
how many types of hypersensitivities to allergies
4
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what is type I
acute
immediate reaction/quick sever reaction
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
Immunoglobin E (Ig E) quickly reacts in which type
I
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
examples of Type I allergies
peanut, shellfish
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
type II reactions are
cytotoxic
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
cytotoxic rells react against a
substance
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
example of type II reaction
mismatched blood transfusion
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
type III is a
immune complex
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
_________ are too small and cannot be cleared from area (type III reactions) - lung, kidney
antigen antibody complexes
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
type III also is inflammatory response with neutrophils and cell lysis that damage local tissues. examples;
lupus
Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE)
farmer’s lung (inhaling moldy hay)
mushroom grower’s lung (inhaling spores)
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
type IV is
delayed
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
how long does reaction in type IV take to occur
1-3 days
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
what T cells are in Type IV
cytotoxic T cells
Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology
examples of type IV
contact dermatitis
mantoux and tine tests (TB)
