Lecture 3: lipid chemistry

Question 1

characteristics of lipids

Answer 1

organic compounds characterized by being:
1. esters of fatty acids or substances associated with them in nature.
2. insoluble in h2o but soluble in fat solvents

Question 2

importance of lipids

Answer 2

1. high energy value
2. fat-soluble vitamins
3. essential fatty acids

Question 3

monocarboxylic acids containing an even number of carbon atoms

Answer 3

fatty acids

Question 4

fatty acids in which all carbon atoms are satisfied with H

Answer 4

saturated fatty acids

Question 5

fatty acids which contain double bonds

Answer 5

unsaturated fatty acids

Question 6

unsaturated fatty acids containing 1 double bond

Answer 6

monoethanoid (monoenoic)

Question 7

unsaturated fatty acids containing more than 1 double bond

Answer 7

PUFA (polyenoic)

Question 8

the most common saturated fatty acid in human tissue

Answer 8

palmitic acid

Question 9

worst kind of fats for humans

Answer 9

transfatty acids

Question 10

the result of partial hydrogenation of unsaturated fat

Answer 10

trans fats

Question 11

why are trans fats the worst fats for human

Answer 11

because trans fats increase low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decrease high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Question 12

what causes coronary heart disease

Answer 12

the increase in saturated fatty acids intake causes increase in plasma cholesterol level which causes coronary heart disease

Question 13

benefits of monoenoic acid

Answer 13

monoenoic acid intake has beneficial health effects as decreased plasma cholesterol

Question 14

benefits of co6 PUFAs

Answer 14

decreased plasma cholesterol

Question 15

benefits of co3 PUFAs

Answer 15

1. lowering blood pressure
2. lowering plasma TAG levels
3. decreasing tendency to thrombosis (occurs when blood clots block the blood vessels)

Question 16

α-linolenic acid

Answer 16

co3 PUFA

Question 17

α-linoleic acid

Answer 17

co6 PUFA

Question 18

simple lipids that are produced by the dehydration synthesis of one or more fatty acids with an alcohol

Answer 18

1. neutral fats (TAG)
2. waxes

Question 19

lipids formed by linking fatty acids with an ester linkage to three alcohol groups (3 fatty acids) in glycerol

Answer 19

triacylglycerol (TAG)

Question 20

a simple lipid which is an ester of a long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid

Answer 20

waxes

Question 21

a simple lipid that may contain 12-32 carbon atoms

Answer 21

waxes

Question 22

phospholipids whose alcohol is glycerol

Answer 22

glycerophospholipids

Question 23

phospholipids whose alcohol is sphingosine

Answer 23

sphingomyelin

Question 24

function of phospholipids

Answer 24

1. help digestion and absorption of fats
2. important constituents of the cell membrane (lipid bilayer)
3. important constituents of plasma lipoproteins
4. they are amphipathic molecules (contain polar and non-polar molecules)

Question 25

a type of lipids that are present in nervous tissues and RBCs

Answer 25

glycolipids

Question 26

lipids that consist of sphingosine + fatty acid+ CHO

Answer 26

glycolipids

Question 27

complex lipids present in the cerebrum and cerebellum

Answer 27

cerebrosides

Question 28

complex lipids present in ganglions (a nerve's head)

Answer 28

gangliosides

Question 29

a common form of a chemical reaction where water is mostly used to break down the chemical bonds that exists between a particular substance

Answer 29

hydrolysis

Question 30

lipids that are produced from the hydrolysis of simple and conjugated lipids or associated with lipids in nature

Answer 30

derived lipids

Question 31

forms of derived lipids

Answer 31

1. fatty acids 2. alcohols 3. steroids 4. carotenoids 5. fat soluble vitamins (A,D,K &E)

Question 32

compound of 4 fused rings with 17C atoms

Answer 32

steroids

Question 33

forms of steroids

Answer 33

1. sterols 2. bile acids 3. steroid hormones

Question 34

a large family of molecules that have a steroidal structure and are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver

Answer 34

bile acids

Question 35

present in all tissues but higher concentration in: brain, nervous tissue, liver, gonads, adrenals, skin and adipose tissue

Answer 35

cholesterol

Question 36

the precursor of cholesterol

Answer 36

active acetone

Question 37

importance of cholesterol

Answer 37

1. converted to bile acids and bile salts in the liver 2. precursor of all steroid hormones 3. source of vitamin D3 in human body

Question 38

what causes atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease

Answer 38

high cholesterol in blood

Question 39

a vitamin which is essential for blood clotting and healthy bones

Answer 39

vitamin K

Question 40

a vitamin which is a powerful antioxidant that helps protect the cells from damage

Answer 40

vitamin E

Question 41

a vitamin which is important for bone and muscle health and helps prevent osteoporosis

Answer 41

vitamin D

Question 42

a vitamin which plays a key role in maintaining our vision

Answer 42

vitamin A

Question 43

functions of carotenoids

Answer 43

1. skin health 2. eye health 3. antioxidant prop. 4. immune system func.

Question 44

important for digestion and absorption of fats

Answer 44

bile acids and salts

Question 45

steroid hormones which contain 21 carbon atoms

Answer 45

corticoids, progesterone

Question 46

steroid hormones which contain 19 carbon atoms

Answer 46

testosterone

Question 47

steroid hormones which contain 18 carbon atoms

Answer 47

estrogen, estradiol

Question 48

corticoids which regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in our body

Answer 48

mineralocorticoids

Question 49

a hormone your adrenal glands release that helps regulate blood pressure by managing the levels of sodium and potassium in your blood

Answer 49

aldosterone (21C)

Question 50

corticoids which have a pivotal role in the glucose, protein, and fat metabolism of the body

Answer 50

glucocorticoids