Lec 2: bioenergetics

Question 1

common metabolic pathway for oxidation of carbohydrates, fats and proteins

Answer 1

Kreb’s cycle

Question 2

products of breaking down of starch in mouth

Answer 2

Dextrin + maltose

Question 3

where do salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase function respectively

Answer 3

1. in mouth
2. in small intestines

Question 4

starch is broken down into…..and…..

Answer 4

maltose and isomaltose

Question 5

how is glucose mainly utilized

Answer 5

1. oxidation of glucose (glycolysis, HMP)
2. synthesis of other carbs

Question 6

what enters in the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acid

Answer 6

ribose and deoxyribose

Question 7

product of glycolysis in the presence of oxygen

Answer 7

pyruvate

Question 8

product of glycolysis without the presence of oxygen

Answer 8

lactate

Question 9

the cases in which anaerobic glycolysis occur

Answer 9

1. during excessive exercise due to the absence of o2
2. in red blood cells due to the absence of mitochondria

Question 10

what protects the cell from oxidative damages

Answer 10

NADPH

Question 11

key enzyme in HMP shunt

Answer 11

glucose-6-phosohate dehydrogenase

Question 12

genetic disease due to the deficiency of G6PD enzyme

Answer 12

favism

Question 13

what causes oxidation for the body

Answer 13

ROS (reactive oxygen species)

Question 14

what is essential for the biosynthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids

Answer 14

ribose-5-phosphate

Question 15

breaking down of glucose

Answer 15

glycolysis

Question 16

formation of glycogen

Answer 16

glycogenesis

Question 17

usage of stored glycogen

Answer 17

glycogenolysis

Question 18

formation of glucose from non-hexose precursors such as glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and glucogenic amino acids

Answer 18

gluconeogenesis

Question 19

the reversal of glycolysis

Answer 19

gluconeogenesis

Question 20

key enzyme of glycogenesis

Answer 20

glycogen synthase

Question 21

key enzyme of glycogenolysis

Answer 21

glycogen phosphorylase

Question 22

a hormone that lowers the level of blood sugar

Answer 22

insulin

Question 23

symptoms of diabetes

Answer 23

1. polyuria
2. polydipsia
3. polyphagia
4. involuntary weight loss
5. delayed healing of wounds

Question 24

what is insulin resistance

Answer 24

Insulin resistance is when cells in your muscles, fat, and liver don’t respond well to insulin and can’t easily take up glucose from your blood.

Question 25

how to diagnose DM

Answer 25

1. fasting plasma glucose level FPG (fasting from 8-12 hrs) 2. 2-hour post-pandrial plasma glucose level 2hPG 3. measurement of glycated-Hb (HbA1C)

Question 26

average lifespan of an RBC

Answer 26

3-4 months

Question 27

severe low glucose

Answer 27

hypoglycemia

Question 28

DM treatment

Answer 28

1. diet control 2. oral antidiabetic drugs (for type 2) 3. insulin injections for type 1 (injections are mandatory as insulin is a protein that will be digested if taken as tablets).