LECTURE 3: LEADERSHIP Flashcards
What is transformational leadership theory?
Motivates followers to exceed expectations
Inspires concerns with organizational goals and improvement
Employees identify with the leader
Provide vision for the future, lead through example
What are 4 aspects of transformational leadership?
- Idealized Influence
acts as a role model, embodies the qualities wanted from followers, creates devotion
- Inspirational motivation
Inspire others to visualize a different future, provides meaning and challenges followers with high standards
- Intellectual Stimulation
Reframes problems, promotes rationally
Challenges followers to problem solve, to be innovative, to take risks
- Individual consideration
Treats individuals as “whole people” (not just employees) with their own set of skills, prior experiences and needs
Has genuine concern with employees development
What are outcomes of transformational leadership?
Trust in leader
Felt voice and empowerment
Job Satisfaction
Group performance
Unit performance
What is leadership?
The process whereby one individual influences other individuals to attain group or organizational goals
One of the most studied topics in organizational psychology
What 5 qualities aid in dictating who becomes a leader and who doesnt?
Meta-analyses reveal that those with greater:
1.Authoritarianism
- Agentic/masculine
- Creativity
- Intelligence
- Extroversion
Are more likely to emerge as leaders
What is the relationship between gender & leadership organizations?
Women (vs men) are less likely to emerge as leaders
Higher up the hierarchy less representation
Why?
Not given needed oppurtunities, training
People associate effective leadership more with men than women
Evaluators are concerned about mothers’ devotion
Mothers and fathers equal (effort, performance, devotion)
Do traits predict effective leaders?
No traits that all leaders possess
Some traits more (vs less) effective leaders tend to hold: intelligence ,self-confidence, dominance, desire to lead, emotional stability, need for achievement
Weak correlational evidence (r= .25 - .35)
Same magnitude if look at “Big 5”
What are behavioural theories of leadership?
Two dimensions: consideration (warmth) and initiating structure (competence)
Consideration is more strongly related to follower satisfaction, motivation, and leader effectiveness
Initiating structure is slightly more related to leader job performance and group performance
The relative importance of each, depends on the nature of the situation
What are contingency theories of leadership?
To be effective, leadership style will depend on the situation/setting, includes:
The characteristics of the employees
The nature of the task they are performing
The characteristics of the organization
What is path-goal theory?
Appropriate leadership style depends on situational factors:
- Subordinate characteristics - Self-perceived ability (e.g. low? High?)
- Environment factors - Task structure: (simple? Complex?)
Leaders choose style following these factors (directive, supportive, participative, achievement-oriented)
will them focus on motivation factors:
1. ensure goals & rewards are clear
2. make the path clear
3. remove roadblocks
4. provide support & coaching
What is the evaluations of female leaders?
Meta-analyses (2014) reveal that overall female leaders are evaluated as somewhat more effective than male leaders
However, meta-analysis (1992) of lab experiments show that if women act in an agentic fashion, they are evaluated less positively than men
Because liked less (2007)
