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Host Response > Lecture 3: Innate Immune System > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Innate Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity is _____

A

The first line of defense and what people are born with

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2
Q

Innate immunity is _____

A

The first line of defense and what people are born with

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3
Q

How long does immediate innate immunity last?

A

0-4 hours

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4
Q

What are the steps

A

Infection > Recognition by preformed, non-specific and broadly specific effectors > removal of infectious agent

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5
Q

How long is early induced innate response?

A

4-96 hours

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6
Q

What are the steps of early induced innate response?

A

Infection > recruitment of effector cells > recognition of PAMPS, activation of effector cells, and inflammation > removal of infectious agent

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7
Q

When does adaptive immunity kick in?

A

After 96 hours

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8
Q

What are the lines of defense for adaptive response?

A

Infection > transport of antigen to lymphoid organs > recognition by naiive B and T cells > clonal expansion and differentiation to effector cells > removal of infectious agent

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9
Q

What does innate immunity constitute?

A

The first two phases of the response (tissues like the skin and mucosal surfaces

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10
Q

What kind of receptors does the innate immune system use?

A

Germ-line encoded receptors

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11
Q

What type of surfaces provide the first line of defense against infection?

A

Epithelial surfaces

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12
Q

What do keratinocytes produce?

A

beta-defensins and other microbicidal compounds in lamellar bodies and are secreted into extracellular spaces

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13
Q

What does the lung have that moves a stream of mucus up?

A

Cilia

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14
Q

What are intestinal cells called and what do they produce?

A

Paneth cells that produce alpha-defensins and other antimicrobial proteins

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15
Q

What do dendritic cells do along with macrophages?

A

they form a bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses

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16
Q

What are the granulocytes in the innate immunity?

A

neutrophil, eosinphils, basophils, and monocytes

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17
Q

What is in the adaptive immunity?

A

B cells and T cells

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18
Q

What do innate mechanisms defend against?

A

extra and intracellular pathogens

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19
Q

For interstitial spaces, blood, lymph, what are the protective immunity components?

A

Complement, Phagocytosis, Antibodies

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20
Q

For epithelial surfaces what are the protective immunity components?

A

Antimicrobial peptides, antibodies especially IgA

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21
Q

What are the two intracellular areas of pathogens?

A

Cytoplasmic and vesicular

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22
Q

What protective immunity is in the cytoplasmic area?

A

NK cells, cytotoxic T cells

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23
Q

What kind of protective immunity is in the vesicular area?

A

T-cell and NK-cell dependent macrophage activation

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24
Q

How do the extracellular areas clear up the pathogens?

A

They promote uptake and destruction by phagocytes

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25
Q

How are the intracellular pathogens killed?

A
  1. infected cell is attacked by NK cells (innate) or cytotoxic T cells (adaptive)
  2. Activation of macrophages by NK cells or T helper cells can induce macrophages to kill pathogens living within vesicles
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26
Q

What is an example of an autocrine effect?

A

The IFN producing cell depicts a cell induced to synthesize IFN in response to either virus infection or antigen or mitogen stimulation

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27
Q

What is an example of a paracrine effect?

A

IFN-regulated proteins that collectively constitute the antiviral response that is responsible for the inhibition of virus multiplication

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28
Q

Interferons induced by _________ make several contributions to _______

A

viral infection, host defense

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29
Q

What are the IFN induced proteins believed to affect virus multiplication within single cells:

A

PKR kinase, OAS synthetase, Mx protein, ADAR, and IFN-induced expression of MHC class 1 and 2 antigens and NOS.

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30
Q

PKR kinase inhibits ______ through the phosphorylation of __________

A

translation, protein synthesis initation factor elf2

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31
Q

OAS synthetase family and RNase L nuclease mediate _______

A

RNA degradation

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32
Q

What is the family of MX protein GTPases?

A

They appear to target viral nucleocapsids and inhibit RNA synthesis

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33
Q

IFN-induced expresssion of MHC class 1 and class II antigens and NOS may contribute to ______

A

the antiviral responses observed within whole animals

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34
Q

What is ADAR?

A

Edits double-stranded RNA by deamination of adenosine to yield inosine

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35
Q

IFN A and IFN B chart Step 1:

A

induce resistance to viral replication in all cells by inducing Mx proteins, 2 -5 linked adenosine oligmers, and the kinase PKR

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36
Q

IFN A and IFN B chart Step 2:

A

Increase MHC class 1 expression and antigen presentation in all cells

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37
Q

IFN A and IFN B chart Step 3:

A

Activate dendritic cells and macrophages

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38
Q

IFN A and IFN B chart Step 4:

A

Activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells

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39
Q

IFN A and IFN B chart Step 5:

A

induce chemokines to recruit lymphocytes

40
Q

What are the direct mechanisms of pathogenesis?

A

Exotoxin production, endotoxin, direct cytopathic effect

41
Q

What are the indirect mechanisms of pathogenesis?

A

immune complexes, anti-host antibody, cell-mediated immunity

42
Q

What are the most abundant cells in early infection that release many proteins and small-molecules inflammatory mediators that both control infection and cause tissue damage?

A

Neutrophils

43
Q

What activates several types of receptors that evolved to detect pathogens and initiate an immune response?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

44
Q

T/F: Specificity inherited in the genome is in innate immunity

A

yes

45
Q

Each receptor is devoted to recognizing a distinct set of molecular pattern are not found in healthy cells which is called _____

A

Pattern recognition receptors

46
Q

Patterns are characteristics of components of pathogenic microorganisms and are called ___________

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMP

47
Q

Where are TLRs?

A

On surface dendritic macrophages, and other cells - detect extracellular pathogens

48
Q

TLRs located ____

A

Intracellularly

49
Q

Where are TLR3 and TLR9

A

In the wall of endosomes - they recognize microbial components such as DNA and RNA that are accessible only after the microbe has been broken down or when microbe enters cell via endosomes

50
Q

Cytokines and chemokines are involved in ______

A

Innate responses

51
Q

Where do cytokines and chemokines act on?

A

Different families of receptors and are responsible to mediate cellular activation and trafficking

52
Q

How are macrophages and dendritic cells activated?

A

By pathogens that secrete a range of cytokines that have a variety of local and distant effects (autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine)

53
Q

What are the 5 different important families of cytokines and chemokines

A

IL-1B

TNF alpha

IL6

CXCL8

IL-12

54
Q

What does IL1B do?

A

Activates vascular endothelium

Activates lymphocytes

Local tissue destruction increases access of effector cells

55
Q

What are systematic effects of IL1B

A

Fever production of IL6

56
Q

What does TNFAlpha do?

A

Activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability which leads to increased entry of IG, complement, and cells to tissue and increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes

57
Q

What are the systemic effects of TNF alpha

A

Fever mobilization of metabolites shock

58
Q

What does IL6 do?

A

Lymphocyte activation increased antibody production

59
Q

What are the systematic effects of IL6?

A

Fever, induced acute phase protein production

60
Q

What does CXCL8 do?

A

Chemolactic factor recruits neutrophils, basophils, and T cells to the site of infection

61
Q

What does IL12 do?

A

Activates NK cells induces the differentiation of CD4 T cells in TH1 cells

62
Q

What do chemokines released by dendritic cells do?

A

Recruit effector cells to sites of infection

63
Q

What can the chemokines be specific for?

A

Different cell types and tissues

64
Q

Chemokines act on

A

G protein coupled receptors

65
Q

Cell-adhesion molecules control interactions between ________ and _____ during an inflammatory response

A

Leukocytes and endothelial cells

66
Q

Different cytokines have different effects on cells to express ________

A

Adhesion molecules on their surface

67
Q

Infectious agents must overcome _______ to establish a focus of infection

A

Innate host defenses

68
Q

First step of infectious agent: adherence to ______

A

Epithelium ; normal flora, local chemical factors, phagocyte (especially in lung)

69
Q

Second step of infectious agent: local infection ______ of epithelium

A

Wound healing antimicrobial proteins and peptides, phagocytes and complement destroy invading microorganisms

70
Q

Third step of infectious agent: local infection

A

Complement, cytokines, chemokines, phagocytes, NK cells,

Activation of macrophages, dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes to initiate adaptive immunity
Blood clotting helps limit spread of infection

71
Q

What is the fourth step of the infectious agent?

A

Adaptive immunity: infection cleared by specific antibody, T-cell dependent macrophage activation and cytotoxic t cells

72
Q

What are the four distinct steps in cell migration from the blood into the tissues?

A

Rolling adhesion, tight binding, diapedesis, migration

73
Q

What makes up the first wave of cells that cross the blood vessel wall to enter an inflamed tissue?

A

Neutrophils

74
Q

What reduces the blood pressure and the speed of blood flow?

A

Vasodilation

75
Q

What activates secretion of innate cytokines and chemokines and expression of adhesion molecules?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

76
Q

What is Selectin mediated adhesion?

A

They bind to leukocytes and allow leukocytes to roll along the vascular endothelial surface

77
Q

What does the innate immune response generally result in?

A

Inflammation

78
Q

What does activation of innate cells lead to production of?

A

Cytokines and chemokines that convey important signals to other immune cells

79
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

Any protein that is secreted by a cell and affects the behavior of nearby cells expressing appropriate receptors

80
Q

What are chemokines?

A

They are secreted proteins that act as attractants, bringing cells out of the bloodstream and into infected tissues

81
Q

What activate cytokines and chemokines?

A

Macrophages which initiate a process called inflammation

82
Q

What is inflammation described as (4)

A

Heat, pain, redness, and sewlling

83
Q

What does inflammation involved that directly kill the pathogen

A

Recruitment of cells

84
Q

What does inflammation to the lymphatic system?

A

Increases lymph flow to draining lymph nodes, where microbes and associated cells will initiate

85
Q

After entering the tissues, the pathogens are recognized, ingested, and killed by what?

A

Phagocytes

86
Q

What expresses receptors that enable them to take up microbes by phagocytosis?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

87
Q

Which two receptors are proteins that bind sugar residues?

A

Destin 1 and mannose

88
Q

Which receptors recognize polyanionic sequences of many types?

A

Class A scavenger receptors

89
Q

What types recognizes and internalizes lipids?

A

CD36

90
Q

Which receptors internalize complement coated bacteria?

A

Complement receptors

91
Q

What leads to fusion with lysosomes forming acidified phagolysosomes where ingested material is broken down by acid hydrolases?

A

Internalization in phagosomes

92
Q

What engulfs and kills the microbes to which they bind?

A

Neutrophils

93
Q

What is microbicidal respiratory burst in phagocytes?

A

Induced by activation-induced assembly of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase

94
Q

What does NADPH oxidase do?

A

Activation leads to a respiratory burst with transient increase in oxygen consumption by the cell

95
Q
A

Host Response (6 decks)

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