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Host Response > Chapter 11: Dynamics of Adaptive Immunity Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Dynamics of Adaptive Immunity Part 1 Flashcards

Exam 3

1
Q

The course of infection is cleared by ________ innate and ________ immune mechanisms

A

cooperating innate and adaptive immune mechanisms

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2
Q

What are the four stages of infection?

A
  1. Establishment of Infection - alarm phase
  2. Inductive Phase - effector phase
  3. Effecotr Phase - central phase
  4. Memory Phase
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3
Q

Innate immunity is in which stages?

A

1, 2, and 3

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity is in which stages?

A

2, 3, and 4

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5
Q

Response to invading pathogens:
Step 1:

A

Local infection, penetration of epithelium
- wound healing induced
- antimicrobial proteins and peptides, phagocytes, and complement destroy invading microorganisms

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6
Q

Response to invading pathogens:
Step 2:

A

Local infection of tissues
- complement activation
-dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes
- phagocytes action
- NK cells activated
-cytokines and chemokines produced

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7
Q

Response to invading pathogens:
Step 3:

A

Lymphatic spread
- pathogens trapped and phagocytosed in lymphoid tissue
- adaptive immunity initiated by migrating dendritic cells

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8
Q

Response to invading pathogens:
Step 4:

A

Adaptive Immunity
- infection cleared by specific antibody, T-Cell dependent macrophage activation and cytotoxic T cells

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9
Q

The character of the _______ response is critical to the outcom

A

T cell

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10
Q

BALB/c mice are highly susceptive to ______ because they preferentially generate ____

A

Leishmania major infection, IL-4 mediated TH2 Responses

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11
Q

C57/blk mice generate _______ to the same pathogen and are resistant

A

IFNg mediated Th1 responses

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12
Q

Blocking antibodies to ______can lead to a reverse in TH2/TH1 response in BALB/c

A

IL-4 (inhibiting), this response makes them resistant

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13
Q

T helper cell specific effector functions can regulate other _________

A

Th driven responses

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14
Q
  1. Activated TH2 cells secrete _______
    ______acts to inhibit the differentiation of _____
A

IL-4

Th1 cells

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15
Q
  1. Treg cells suppress the differentiation and proliferation of Th1 and Th2 cells
A

IL-4 or IFN-y can inhibit development of Th17 cells

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16
Q

Activated Th1 cells secrete IFN-y

A

IFN-y acts on TH2 cells to inhibit proliferation

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17
Q

What special quality do DCs have?

A

They determine which type of adaptive immune response is the best to induce against certain pathogens

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18
Q

DCs active and mature in response to ______ in periphery

A

danger

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19
Q

How do immature DC’s activate?

A

exogenous and endogenous danger input signals (DAMPS)

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20
Q

What happens with an immature DC?

A
  1. Antigen Uptake
  2. Information gathered
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21
Q

What happens during DC maturation?

A
  1. Phenotypic changes
  2. Antigen uptake halts
  3. LN migration (CCR7)
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22
Q

Where do the PAMPS occur?

A

In the exogenous area involving the immature DC

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23
Q

What happens in the endogenous area aka the tissue stroma?

A

Signaling pathway is involved

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24
Q

Where does DC output occur?

A

in the lymphatic tissue

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25
Q

What is the concept of environmental instruction?

A

DC programming/environmental instruction (peripheral tissue) is the input & DC output (lymphatic tissue)

Output: gets translated/programs being read
- Signal 3 is dependent on Signal 0.

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26
Q

What is signal 0?

A

The response of the Thelper cells based on the dendritic cell tissue response

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27
Q

What do DC’s relay?

A

information they’ve gathered about the problem and the peripheral environment

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28
Q

What do migratory DC’s tell them?

A
  • What is the issue?
  • What is the danger of the response?
  • What is the type of response needed?
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29
Q

Dendrtic cells are ____ of CD4+ T cell help

30
Q

What is the concept of CD4+ T cell help and the role of CD40L?

A

APC stimulates effector CD4T cell to induce CD40L and IL-2

31
Q

What stimulates the APC which costimulates the naiive CD8 T cell?

A

The stimulation of APC through CD40 increases B7 and 4-IBBL which co-stimulates naive CD8 T cell.

32
Q

CD4+ Th cells provide cytokines. Which ones?

A

IL-2
IL-4
IL-17
IFNg
and more

33
Q

CD4 Th cells provide CD40L to _______

A

professional APCS
1. Macrophages
2. Bcells
3. Immature DCs
4. Mature DCs

34
Q

What does CD40L do to macrophages?

A

CD40L and IFNg promote clearance of internal pathogen

35
Q

What does CD40L do to B-Cells?

A

CD40L and cytokines promote antibody production and type

36
Q

What does CD40L do to immature DCs?

A

Promotes DC Maturation

37
Q

What does CD40L do to mature DCs?

A

Hyper-activates them

38
Q

What do T cells do during the DC induction?

A
  1. Upregulates CD80/86 expression (CD28 ligands)
  2. Induces CD70 expression (CD27 ligand0
  3. Induces 4-1BBL expression
  4. Promotes Ag processing/presenation
  5. Greatly enhances DC survival
  6. Induces DC production of cytokines (unlease signal 3)
  7. Promotes DC reticulation and Ag transfer
  8. Drives upregulation of PD-L1 expression (shut off/immune checkpoint)
39
Q

MoDC1 undergoes ______ when provided with T helper signal CD40L

A

reticulation
- increases surface area and reach
- facilitates intercellular communication
- facilitates antigen transfer

40
Q

How do DC’s determine which type of adaptive immune response to induce against a pathogen?

A

What is the helper role of CD40L in the DC-induced CTL responses
- it unleashes signal 3 which is DC mediated CD4 to CD8 help

41
Q

Dendritic cells provide signals to CD4/CD8 meaning the _______ will depend on the DC

A

naiive cell function

42
Q

IL-12p70 is a ________

A

critical DC-derived polarization factor for T cells (signal 3)
it drives
1. TH1
2. CTL
3. NK mediated responses

43
Q

What is the helper role of CD40L?

A

Unleashing Signal 3 from pre-programmed DC

44
Q

What is Signal 0?

A

Nonspecific Alarm Phase
- occurs in the peripheral tissues
- initial response to pathogen

45
Q

What is the central or regulatory phase?

A

Activating troops, plan of attack
- lymph node
- t-cell priming
- b-cell priming

46
Q

What is the Effector Phase

A

Going to battle
- cellular humoral, cytokine
- tissue healing, regulatory

47
Q

What cells are critical to mounting protective adaptive immunity?

A

Innate immune effector cells

48
Q

What do PMN and Macrophages?

A

Phagocytes essential for initial control of microbes
- support activity of NK cells and ILCs
- deficiencies are fatal

49
Q

scid (severe combined immunodeficiency)

A

mutation in common cytokine g chain (IL-2, IL-7)

50
Q

What is the rag deficient activating gene?

A

antibody and t-cell receptor, VDJ recombination
- lack mature T and B cells (have NK cells)

51
Q

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCS) and NK cells respond to ___________

A

pathogen-induced factors to provide help in tissues

52
Q

What are group 1 ILCs

A

They are TH1 like, start with intracellular bacteria and viruses and produce IL-12 with then lead to IFN-y

53
Q

What are group 2 ILCs

A

Th2 like, epithelial cells going to an ILC 2

54
Q

What are group 3 ILCs

A

extracellular bacteria then going to ILC

55
Q

Factors like these innate cells produce inform or intstruct _____ to carry out their function. Sometimes these cytokines support the continued ______

A

DCs, downstream production of the same cytokines

56
Q

Peripheral programming of the _____ by _____ (ILCs) directly impact character of the adaptive T-cell response

A

DC by NK cells

57
Q

Viruses and some bacteria induce ______ secretion by dendritic cells that can activate NK cells to produce IFN-y

58
Q

Then, naiive CD4 T cells, activated in the presence of IL-12 and IFN-y are committed to differentiate into_______

A

into Th1 cells

59
Q

Other pathogens cause the ______ by NK cells

A

synthesis of IL-4

60
Q

Naiive CD4 T cells are activated in the presence of _____ and are committed to differentiate into _____

A

IL-4 and Th2 Cells

61
Q

T cells can respond like _____ and ____ cells to Innate stimuli in a non-TCR dependent manner

A

ILCs and NK cells

62
Q

IL_ and IL_ are also innate cytokines that can activate CD8+ T cells as well as NK cells to add to the Signal 0 micro environment

A

IL12 and Il18

63
Q

Ifng produced by these cells behave similarly to what _____ does, and it can lead to continued ____ responses

A

TH1 responses

64
Q

NK cells and CD8 T cells can act as _____ for DCS to drive TH1 cell differentiation

A

Helpers for DC
- both have intrinsic ability to tell if a cell is infected with an intracellular pathogen based on impact on MHC 1

65
Q

NK cells recognize changes in ______ due to intracellular infection

66
Q

NK cells can utilize _____ as an adaptor to target and kill Ab tagged targets

A

FC receptor

67
Q

Which interferons activate DC, induce maturation, program the DC for TH1 immunity once they leave the tissue

A

IFNg and TNFa

68
Q

CTLs can provide ____ to maintain DC mediated cellular immunity

69
Q

NK cells help to ______ and _____ DCs to prime TH1 and CTL responses

A

Mature and program

Host Response (7 decks)

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