Lecture # 3 Identity and the Individual

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

The collection of lasting characteristics that makes a person unique.

Question 2

Trait theory

Answer 2

States that personality consists of a set of traits, which are characteristics that vary between people and are stable over time, regardless of environmental factors. (observable traits)

Question 3

The Big 5

Answer 3

Trait model. O.C.E.A.N (Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism)

Question 4

Biological Theory

Answer 4

Focuses on biological contributions to certain traits. Assumes that a person’s genome contributes to the formation of personality, and that personality traits differ in the extent to which they are influenced by heredity versus environment.

Question 5

Temperament

Answer 5

An innate, genetically influenced “baseline” of personality that includes the infant’s tendency towards certain patterns of emotion and social interaction.

Question 6

What type of study is used to compare the contribution of heredity vs. environment to a particular issue?

Answer 6

Twin Studies.

Question 7

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 7

“Sigmund Freud” Proposes a universal personality structure that contributes both to behavior and to differences between people. Focuses on internal processes. (Id, the superego, and the ego); conclusions must be drawn off of researcher , not the individual.

Question 8

Id

Answer 8

The most primitive part of personality, which seeks instant gratification with no consideration for morality or social norms.

Question 9

Superego

Answer 9

Develops later in life through internalization of society’s rules for moral behavior, learned primarily through interactions with care givers.

Question 10

Ego

Answer 10

The part of personality that is forced to direct behavior in a way that balances the demands of the id and the superego. ( The means of delayed gratification)

Question 11

Behaviorist Theory

Answer 11

States that the personality is constructed by a series of learning experiences that occur through interactions between the individual and their environment. (input, output)

Question 12

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 12

Like behaviorist theory, focuses on learning experiences and observable behaviors. However, It differs in that it considers the contributions of an individual’s mental life and personal choices. Considers how thoughts and emotions affect the learning process and the experiences of others and surroundings that people choose for themselves.

Question 13

Observational learning

Answer 13

People learn from the experiences of others and apply the lessons of previous experiences to new situations

Question 14

Reciprocal causation

Answer 14

James and Jones; states that behavior, personal factors, and the environment continually interact and influence each other.

Question 15

Humanistic Theory

Answer 15

Carl Rodgers; Says that people continually seek experiences that make them better, more fulfilled individuals. Like social cognitive theory, this perspective on personality points to the role of an individual in shaping his or her own personality. Conscious decisions, rather than stable, uncontrollable traits or unconscious impulses make people who they are.

Question 16

Healthy Personality Theory

Answer 16

Carl Rodgers; Humanistic Psychologist; says than an individual has a healthy personality when his or her actual self, ideal self, and perceived self (self-concept) overlap.

Question 17

Situational approach to explaining behavior

Answer 17

The concept of enduring personality traits is fatally flawed, because variations in behavior that occur across different situations. Shifts the conversation from internal and stable traits to external and changing circumstances.

Question 18

Identity

Answer 18

A person’s view of who they are in terms of both internal factors, including personality traits, and social or external factors, like group membership.

Question 19

How does identity differ from personality?

Answer 19

Identity differs in that it places emphasis on an individual’s own perception of self.

Question 20

Self Concept

Answer 20

The knowledge of oneself as a person both separate from other people and constant throughout changing situations. Can be thought of as a person’s view of his or her own personality.

Question 21

Social Identity

Answer 21

The perception of oneself as a member of certain social groups. (Characteristics that are associated with the group come to been seen as a part of the self, which influences an individual’s personal sense of identity.)

Question 22

Role-taking

Answer 22

Adopting the role of another person, either by imitating behaviors associated with specific social roles or by taking the other person’s point of view in a social interaction.

Question 23

Social Comparison

Answer 23

Evaluating oneself by contrast with others.

Question 24

Reference Group

Answer 24

A group that provides an individual with a model for appropriate actions, values, and worldviews.

Question 25

Self Esteem

Answer 25

Refers to a person’s overall value judgement of them-self. How one feels about them-self)

Question 26

Self-Efficacy

Answer 26

The feeling of being able to carry out an action successfully.

Question 27

Locus of control

Answer 27

A person’s belief about the extent to which internal of external factors play a role in shaping his or her life.

Question 28

Freud’s Theory of Developmental Stages

Answer 28

Sigmund Freud; Developmental stages associated with the urges/impulses of the id.

Question 29

Fixation

Answer 29

If a developing individual receives too much or too little satisfaction of an impulse associated with a particular stage, There is a failure to move on to the next stage of development.

Question 30

Freud’s Developmental Stages

Answer 30

OAPLaG; Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital stages.

Question 31

Oral stage

Answer 31

SF; age 1; children are occupied with oral processes (sucking

Question 32

Anal Stage

Answer 32

SF; age 2; toilet training

Question 33

Phallic Stage

Answer 33

SF; ages 3-6 gender and sexual identification

Question 34

Latent Stage

Answer 34

SF; ages 7-12; Social development

Question 35

Genital

Answer 35

SF; Adolescence and Older; Mature sexuality