Lecture # 3 Identity and the Individual Flashcards
Personality
The collection of lasting characteristics that makes a person unique.
Trait theory
States that personality consists of a set of traits, which are characteristics that vary between people and are stable over time, regardless of environmental factors. (observable traits)
The Big 5
Trait model. O.C.E.A.N (Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism)
Biological Theory
Focuses on biological contributions to certain traits. Assumes that a person’s genome contributes to the formation of personality, and that personality traits differ in the extent to which they are influenced by heredity versus environment.
Temperament
An innate, genetically influenced “baseline” of personality that includes the infant’s tendency towards certain patterns of emotion and social interaction.
What type of study is used to compare the contribution of heredity vs. environment to a particular issue?
Twin Studies.
Psychoanalytic Theory
“Sigmund Freud” Proposes a universal personality structure that contributes both to behavior and to differences between people. Focuses on internal processes. (Id, the superego, and the ego); conclusions must be drawn off of researcher , not the individual.
Id
The most primitive part of personality, which seeks instant gratification with no consideration for morality or social norms.
Superego
Develops later in life through internalization of society’s rules for moral behavior, learned primarily through interactions with care givers.
Ego
The part of personality that is forced to direct behavior in a way that balances the demands of the id and the superego. ( The means of delayed gratification)
Behaviorist Theory
States that the personality is constructed by a series of learning experiences that occur through interactions between the individual and their environment. (input, output)
Social Cognitive Theory
Like behaviorist theory, focuses on learning experiences and observable behaviors. However, It differs in that it considers the contributions of an individual’s mental life and personal choices. Considers how thoughts and emotions affect the learning process and the experiences of others and surroundings that people choose for themselves.
Observational learning
People learn from the experiences of others and apply the lessons of previous experiences to new situations
Reciprocal causation
James and Jones; states that behavior, personal factors, and the environment continually interact and influence each other.
Humanistic Theory
Carl Rodgers; Says that people continually seek experiences that make them better, more fulfilled individuals. Like social cognitive theory, this perspective on personality points to the role of an individual in shaping his or her own personality. Conscious decisions, rather than stable, uncontrollable traits or unconscious impulses make people who they are.
Healthy Personality Theory
Carl Rodgers; Humanistic Psychologist; says than an individual has a healthy personality when his or her actual self, ideal self, and perceived self (self-concept) overlap.
Situational approach to explaining behavior
The concept of enduring personality traits is fatally flawed, because variations in behavior that occur across different situations. Shifts the conversation from internal and stable traits to external and changing circumstances.
Identity
A person’s view of who they are in terms of both internal factors, including personality traits, and social or external factors, like group membership.
How does identity differ from personality?
Identity differs in that it places emphasis on an individual’s own perception of self.
Self Concept
The knowledge of oneself as a person both separate from other people and constant throughout changing situations. Can be thought of as a person’s view of his or her own personality.
Social Identity
The perception of oneself as a member of certain social groups. (Characteristics that are associated with the group come to been seen as a part of the self, which influences an individual’s personal sense of identity.)
Role-taking
Adopting the role of another person, either by imitating behaviors associated with specific social roles or by taking the other person’s point of view in a social interaction.
Social Comparison
Evaluating oneself by contrast with others.
Reference Group
A group that provides an individual with a model for appropriate actions, values, and worldviews.
Self Esteem
Refers to a person’s overall value judgement of them-self. How one feels about them-self)
Self-Efficacy
The feeling of being able to carry out an action successfully.
Locus of control
A person’s belief about the extent to which internal of external factors play a role in shaping his or her life.
Freud’s Theory of Developmental Stages
Sigmund Freud; Developmental stages associated with the urges/impulses of the id.
Fixation
If a developing individual receives too much or too little satisfaction of an impulse associated with a particular stage, There is a failure to move on to the next stage of development.
Freud’s Developmental Stages
OAPLaG; Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital stages.
Oral stage
SF; age 1; children are occupied with oral processes (sucking
Anal Stage
SF; age 2; toilet training
Phallic Stage
SF; ages 3-6 gender and sexual identification
Latent Stage
SF; ages 7-12; Social development
Genital
SF; Adolescence and Older; Mature sexuality
