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EK MCAT: Psychology and Sociology > Lecture # 2 Relationships and Behavior > Flashcards

Lecture # 2 Relationships and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavioral Learning

A

The process of determining what behaviors are culturally appropriate and how behaviors result in specific consequences.

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2
Q

Associative learning or conditioning

A

Associations between certain stimuli and specific responses the big two are Classical and Operant conditioning.

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3
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A test subject develops a response to a previously neutral stimulus by associating the stimulus with another stimulus that already elicited that response. (Ivan Pavlov)

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4
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus and Unconditioned Response

A

Innate response that occurs to a stimulus that has not been conditioned or learned

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5
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

A stimulus that elicits no response initially, but we want this to be the stimulus that is conditioned.

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6
Q

Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response

A

Previously the neutral stimulus, associated with and unconditional stimulus, elicits a learned response (conditioned), which is similar to the unconditioned response.

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7
Q

Acquisition

A

The stage of learning over which a conditioned response to a new stimulus is established.

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8
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of lessened response.

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9
Q

Extinction

A

The disappearance of the conditioned response.

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10
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

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11
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

The learned lack of response to a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus.

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12
Q

Operant conditioning

A

a type of associative learning in which an individual becomes more or less likely to carry out a certain behavior based on its consequences. (B.F. Skinner)

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13
Q

Reinforcement

A

(O.C) A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior

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14
Q

Punishment

A

(O.C) A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior

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15
Q

Positive (O.C)

A

The administration of a reinforcing or punishing stimulus

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16
Q

Negative (O.C)

A

The removal of a stimulus.

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17
Q

Primary Punisher/reinforcers

A

The consequences that relate to a physiological needs and drives for survival. They do not require learning to increase the likelihood of a response. (Delivery of food or exposure to extreme temperatures)

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18
Q

Secondary Punisher/reinforcers

A

The consequences that do not relate to a physiological need. The do require learning to increase the likelihood of a response ( money, cell phones, cars, etc.)

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19
Q

Escape conditioning

A

Learned behaviors allow an organism to escape unpleasant stimuli

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20
Q

Avoidance conditioning

A

A learned behavior allows an organism to escape an unpleasant stimulus all together by employing a stimulus with a specific response.

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21
Q

Reinforcement Schedule

A

Schedule that describes how often and under what conditions a behavior is reinforced.

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22
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

Rewards are provided after a specified number of responses.

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23
Q

Variable-ratio schedule

A

Rewards are provided after an unpredictable number of responses.

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24
Q

Fixed-interval schedule

A

Rewards to a response are provided after a specified time interval has passed.

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25
Q

Variable-interval schedule

A

Rewards to a response are provided after an unpredictable time interval has passed.

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26
Q

Which type of reinforcement more quickly establishes a response?

A

Continuous reinforcement - rewards following desired behavior

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27
Q

Which type of reinforcement is more resistant to extinction?

A

partial reinforcement - rewards following some of the desired behavior

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28
Q

Shaping

A

guides behavior toward a certain response by reinforcing successive approximations toward the desired behavior.

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29
Q

Innate behavior

A

Behaviors that are developmentally fixed. They are heavily influenced by physiology and genetic inheritance, and it is incredibly difficult to change by learning.

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30
Q

Modeling

A

connected with observational learning - the witnessing of another person’s actions, retaining information on that person’s behavior, and later re-enacting what was learned through that observation in one’s own behavior.

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31
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Aid in learning by seeing. Specialized neurons that fire both when a person is completing an action and when the person observes someone else completing the same action

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32
Q

Vicarious emotions

A

feeling the emotions of others as though they are one’s own- in order to learn from the successes and mistakes of others through observation.

33
Q

Behavior

A

The sum of coordinated responses of an organism in response to internal and external stimuli.

34
Q

Nonverbal communication

A

All communication that does not involve words (body language, touch, appearance, and facial expressions)

35
Q

Social behavior

A

broadly defined as all interactions taking place between members of the same species.

36
Q

Attraction

A

Factors that draw members of a species together

37
Q

Aggression

A

Conflict and competition between individuals

38
Q

Attachment

A

Forming connections

39
Q

Foraging behavior

A

The set of behaviors through which animals obtain food.

40
Q

Mating Behavior

A

The behavior surrounding propagation of a species through reproduction

41
Q

Altruism

A

Consists of behaviors that are disadvantageous to the individual acting, but confer benefits to other members of it social groups

42
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

Describes overall fitness (an individuals level of success at passing on its genes) by considering not only the individual’s own progeny, but also the offspring of its close relatives.

43
Q

Game Theory

A

The use of mathematical models to represent complex decision making in which the actions of other group members must be taken into account.

44
Q

Organization

A

A group of people joining together to coordinate their interactions toward a specific purpose.

45
Q

Role

A

Expected behavior of an individual in a specific situation.

46
Q

Self-Presentation

A

How an individual is perceived

47
Q

Impression management

A

The process of consciously making behavioral choices in order to created a specific impression in the minds of other

48
Q

Dramaturgical approach

A

States that the self is not a fixed, unchangeable entity, but rather can be formed and reformed through interactions with others.

49
Q

The Front Stage Self

A

The behavior that an individual performs in front of an audience

50
Q

Back Stage self

A

The behavior an individual performs when not in front of an audience.

51
Q

Groupthink

A

A phenomenon where a group’s members tend to think alike and agree for the sake of group harmony; can be dangerous, because people self-censor ideas, and exclude other possibilities.

52
Q

Group Polarization

A

Through interactions and discussions of the group, the attitude of the group as a whole toward a particular issue becomes stronger than the attitudes of its individual members.

53
Q

Peer Pressure

A

The social influence exerted by one’s peers to act in a way that is acceptable or similar to their own behaviors.

54
Q

Social Facilitation

A

The tendency to perform better when a person knows that they are being watched.

55
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

Where people in large, anonymous crowds are less likely to feel accountable for the outcome of a situation or to feel responsible to take action.

56
Q

Bystander effect

A

Onlookers in a crowd fail to offer assistance to a person who is in trouble because they assume that someone else will help

57
Q

Social Loafing

A

Members of a group decrease the pace or intensity of their own work with the intention of letting other group members work harder.

58
Q

Deindividualization

A

The occurrence of people losing awareness of their individuality and instead immerse themselves in the mood or activities of a crowd.

59
Q

Socialization

A

The process by which people learn customs and values of their culture.

60
Q

Social Norms

A

Community rules that members are expected to follow

61
Q

Agents of socialization

A

The groups of people who influence personal attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. (Family, Friends, Neighbors, or social institutions.)

62
Q

Conformity

A

The tendency of individuals to change their attitudes, opinions, and behaviors to align with group norms.

63
Q

Obedience

A

Describes behavioral changes made in response to a command by an authority figure, in contrast to conformity, which involves the influence of one’s peers and culture.

64
Q

Deviance

A

Behavior that violates social expectations.

65
Q

Stigma

A

a negative social label that changes a person’s social identity by classifying the labeled person as abnormal or tainted in some respect.

66
Q

Assimilation

A

The process by which an individual or group becomes part of a new culture.

67
Q

Subculture

A

A culture that is shared by a smaller group of people who are also part of a larger culture, but have specific cultural attributes that set them apart from the larger group.

68
Q

Multiculturalism

A

The practice of valuing and respecting differences in culture. (Goal is for harmonious co-existence)

69
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The belief that one’s group is of central importance and includes the tendency to judge the practices of other groups by one’s own cultural standards.

70
Q

Cultural relativism

A

The practice of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and to judge a culture by its own standards.

71
Q

In-group

A

A group with which an individual shares identity and toward which he or she feels loyalty.

72
Q

Out-group

A

A group with which an individual does not share identity, and towards which he or she has feelings of competition or hostility.

73
Q

Prejudice

A

Strict generalizations about other groups or categories of people.

74
Q

Schemas

A

Organizing patterns of thought that are used to categorize and interpret information, this shaping individual attitudes and perspectives.

75
Q

Stereotype

A

A concept about a group or category of people that includes the belief that all members of that group share certain characteristics.

76
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

The anxiety and resulting impaired performance that a person may experience when confronted with a negative stereotype about a group to which he belongs or when he or she feels that their performance may confirms a negative stereotype about his or her group.

77
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

Stress and lowered expectations accompanying stereotypes contribute to making stereotypical beliefs into reality.

78
Q

Discrimination

A

Unfair treatment of others based on their membership in specific social group.

79
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

Discrimination that occurs on the level of social institutions when they employ policies that differentiate people based on social grouping.

EK MCAT: Psychology and Sociology (5 decks)

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