Lecture 3 - Cranium, Meninges and Ventricles Flashcards
A reversible impairment of neurologic function following an injury to the head may be referred to as what?
Concussion
A patient presents with symptoms including headache, unsteadiness, slurred speech, nausea and double vision. In the subjective interview, you learn that they recently played in a game of football. What condition is this person presenting with?
Concussion
What is the pathology behind a concussion?
Transient biochemically induced disruptions in neurotransmitter release within 25-50 ms of impact. Shearing forces may also disrupt axon function.
Reappearance of certain symptoms days or weeks after the original concussion is known as _____?
Post concussion syndrome
_____ and ______ are two conditions that may be the result of repeated concussions.
1) Boxer’s Dementia
2) Second Impact Syndrome
The ____, ______ and ____ allow for passage of the carotid artery, jugular vein and spinal cord through the skull, respectively.
1) Carotid canal
2) Jugular foramen
3) Foramen magnum
The anterior cranial fossa contains the base of the _____ lobe. The middle cranial fossa contains part of the ____ lobe. The posterior cranial fossa contains the ___ and ______.
1) frontal lobe
2) temporal lobe
3) cerebellum
4) brainstem
The ____ are the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
Meninges
The dura mater is composed of an outer ____ layer and an inner _____ layer.
1) Periosteal
2) Meningeal
The ____ layer continues through the foramen magnum as the dura mater of the spinal cord.
Meningeal
Located laterally, the ____ lies between the skull and the periosteal layer in the ____ and supplies the dura mater.
1) Middle meningeal artery
2) Epidural space
The periosteal and meningeal layers are closely united, except where they separate to form ____ to drain blood from the cerebral hemispheres.
Venous sinuses
The _____ is a sickle shaped fold of dura mater, specifically the _____ layer. It lies between the two cerebral hemispheres.
1) Falx cerebri
2) Meningeal
The ____ is a crescent/tent shaped fold of ____ that covers the _____.
1) Tentorium cerebelli
2) dura mater
3) cerebellum
The ____ is a gap in the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli and allows for passage of the midbrain.
Tentorial notch
The ____ is a small vertical fold of dura mater that lies between the _____ hemispheres.
1) Falx cerebelli
2) Cerebellar hemispheres
The _____, a thin membrane with a spidery appearance, is separated from the dura mater by a potential space known as the _____.
1) Arachnoid mater
2) subdural space
The arachnoid mater is separated from the pia mater by way of the ____, a potential space filled with ____, cerebral arteries, veins and cranial nerves.
1) Subarachnoid space
2) CSF
What type of blood vessel can be found in the subdural space?
Bridging veins
_____ are strands of collagenous connective tissue that extend from the arachnoid to the pia mater.
Arachnoid trabeculae
Areas where there are poolings of CSF are known as _____.
Subarachnoid cisterns
Arachnoid villi are grouped together to form ______, which are outgrowths of archnoid that project through the meningeal dura into venous sinuses.
Arachnoid granulations
Diffusion of CSF into the bloodstream occurs at the _____.
Arachnoid granulations
The ____ is a delicate membrane that closely adheres to the surface of the brain. It descends into ____.
1) Pia mater
2) sulci
The ____ is where arteries and veins penetrate the pia when they enter and leave the brain substance.
Perivascular space
Meningeal spaces are a potential site for bleeding, known as an _______, in response to traumatic or atraumatic events.
Intracranial hemorrhage
Intracranial hemorrhages are classified based on location.L List 3 types of these bleeds.
1) Epidural hematoma
2) subdural hematoma
3) subarachnoid hemorrhage
An epidural hematoma is usually caused by a rupture of the _____.
Middle meningeal artery
Subdural hematoma is usually caused by rupture of ____.
Bridging veins
___ subdural hematoma occurs from a high velocity impact, while ___ subdural hematomas are seen in elderly populations with cerebral atrophy, where the brain moves more freely in the cranial vault.
1) Acute
2) Chronic
______ ______ ______ occurs due to rupture of arterial aneurysm in the subarachnoid space. This produces a sudden severe headache.
Non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
____ are cavities within the brain that are lined with _____, which produce _____.
1) Ventricles
2) Ependymal cells
3) CSF
The ____ are c-shaped cavities present in each cerebral hemisphere.
Lateral ventricles
The ____ is the roof of the lateral ventricles.
Corpus callosum
The structure of the lateral ventricles consist of a _____ , _____, _____ and _____.
1) Frontal (anterior) horn
2) Body
3) Temporal (inferior) horn
4) Occipital (posterior) horn
The ____ is located between the inferior horn and posterior horn of the lateral ventricles.
Atrium
The lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through the _____.
Interventricular foramen of Monro
The ____ is a slit like cleft between the two thalami.
Third ventricle
The third ventricle connects to the fourth ventricle by the ____.
Cerebral aqueduct
The ____ is a tent-shaped cavity that is located anterior to the _____, posterior to the ___ and superior half of ____.
1) Fourth ventricle
2) Cerebellum
3) Pons
4) Medulla
The fourth ventricle continues below as the ____.
Central canal
Three apertures take CSF from the fourth ventricle and take it back to the subarachnoid space. What are these apertures called?
(1) Foramen of Magendie (medial)
2) Foramen of Luschka (lateral apertures
The ___ is a clear, colourless fluid that is formed from the ______ of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles.
1) CSF
2) Choroid plexuses
The ____ is a tuft of blood vessels covered by a layer of ependymal cells.
Choroid plexus
CSF is absorbed into ______ which project into dural venous sinuses.
Arachnoid villi (granulations)
CSF travels from the lateral ventricle, through the ____ into the third ventricle. From here, it moves through the _____ into the fourth ventricle. CSF then either moves into the central canal of the spinal cord, or moves through the Foramina of ____ and _____ into the subarachnoid space.
1) Foramina of Monroe
2) Cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)
3) Luschka
3) Magendie
_____ is the result of enlargement of the ventricles due to obstructed flow of CSF at any point in the ventricles or subarachnoid space.
Hydrocephalus
The etiology for infant hydrocephalus is ____.
Hemorrhage
Why is brain tissue spared in infant hydrocephalus?
Skull is soft and not completely formed, enabling expansion of the head in response to increased intracranial fluid.
A patient presents with headache, vomiting, ocular palsie, back pain and swelling of the optic disc. What condition may they be suffering from?
Adult hydrocephalus
