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Neuromotor Function 1 > Lecture 18: Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Basal ganglia is a collection of _____ matter nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere.

A

Gray

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2
Q

Basal ganglia receives info from the ______ . It also sends info to the _____ via the _____. Additionally sends info to the _____ directly.

A

Cerebral cortex.
cerebral cortex
thalamus.
brainstem.

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3
Q

What are four functions of the basal ganglia?

A
  1. Important role in higher order control of posture and voluntary movement.
    -selecting, reinforcing,
    scaling desired motor
    output patterns
    -initiating and preparation
    for movement
    -automatic execution of
    previously learned
    movement patterns
  2. control of eye movements
  3. cognitive functions
  4. emotional functions
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4
Q

Define Hyperkinetic movement disorders. Give 1 example.

A

Uncontrolled involuntary movements which give rise to a random pattern of jerks and twists.
ie. Huntingtons disease

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5
Q

Define Hypokinetic movement disorders. Give 1 example.

A

Rigidity, slowness of movement, marked difficulty in initiating movements.
ie. Parkingson’s Disease

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6
Q

What 5 components make up the basal ganglia??

A 
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
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7
Q

Which component of basal ganglia follows the contour of the lateral ventricle and lies lateral to thalamus?

A

Caudate nucleus (C-shaped)

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8
Q

What fuses with the head of caudate anteriorly?

A

Putamen

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9
Q

Together the caudate and putamen are called the?

A

Corpus Striatum

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10
Q

In between the putamen and caudate nucleus you can find the _____ joining them.

A

cellular bridges

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11
Q

What is located medial to the putamen?

A

Globus pallidus

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12
Q

How many segments of the globus pallidus? Name them.

A
  1. The internal and external segments
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13
Q

Together the ____ and ____ are referred to as the ____ nucleus.

A

Putamen and globus pallidus.

= Lentiform nucleus

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14
Q

Which component is located in the midbrain, just dorsal to basis pedunculi?

A

Substancia nigra

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15
Q

Substantia nigra has two portions; ventral and dorsal. Name these 2.

A

Ventral portion: pars reticulata

Dorsal portion: pars compacta

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16
Q

Which portion of the substantia nigra do you find dopamine-containing neurons? (name the portion)

A

Dorsal portion: pars compacta

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17
Q

What can you find off the caudate nucleus that does NOT belong to the basal ganglia?

A

Amygdala

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18
Q

Nearly all inputs from other parts of the brain reach the basal ganglia by way of the ____ and ____. (called the ____ ____)

A

caudate nucleus and putamen. (called the corpus striatum).

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19
Q

All areas of the cerebral cortex have massive projections to corpus striatum called _________.

A

corticostriatal pathway

20
Q

What neurotransmitter is used mostly in the corticostriatum pathway?

A

glutamate

21
Q

Corticostriatal pathway projections from cerebral cortex to striatum are mostly _____.

A

excitatory

22
Q

Besides the corticostriatal pathway another projection to the striatum is the ___ ___ ___ ___ containing dopamine.

A

substantia nigra pars compacta

23
Q

Are the substancia nigra pars compacta inputs to striatum excitatory or inhibitory to the striatum?

A

Both. Excitatory to some cells and inhibitory to other cells in striatum.

24
Q

Where do the outputs from basal ganglia leave from? (2- be specific)

A
  1. internal segment of globus pallidus

2. substantia nigra pars reticulata

25
Q

Majority of outputs from basal ganglia project to ____ and ____ nuclei of ____.

A

Ventral lateral (VL) and ventral anterior (VA) nuclei of thalamus.

26
Q

the outputs sent to the VL and VA of thalamus then project to ____ areas of cortex. Then influence the lateral and anterior ____ tract.

A

motor.

corticospinal tract

27
Q

Besides the thalamus outputs of the basal ganglia, where are the other two outputs to? which tracts do they influence?

A
  1. Pontomedullary reticular formation - influences descending reticulospinal tract (for automatic posture and gait related movements- anterior motor system pathways)
  2. Superior colliculus - influence tectospinal tract for coordination of head and eye movements
28
Q

Basal ganglia influence ___ and ___ motor systems.

A

lateral and medial

29
Q

What is the “direct pathway” in the basal ganglia?

A

From the striatum directly to internal segment of globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata

30
Q

What are the 3 functions of the direct pathway?

A
  1. serves to release tonic inhibition of the thalamic neurons that project to the cortex (ie. inhibit inhibitory neurons= excitation of thalamus)
  2. net effect: excitation of thalamus –> greater excitation of motor areas of cortex
  3. Direct pathway “enhances movement”
31
Q

What is the indirect pathway in basal ganglia?

A

From striatum to other basal ganglia nuclei (external segment of globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus) prior to reaching internal segment of globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata.

32
Q

What are the 3 functions of the indirect pathway?

A
  1. acts to oppose the dis-inhibitory action of the direct pathway (ie. excite inhibitory neurons in thalamus)
  2. net effect inhibition of thalamus - decreased excitation of motor areas of cortex
  3. indirect pathway “diminishes movement”
33
Q

Motor channel (influences motor control) is the loop from primary motor, _____ and somatosensory cortex –> ______ —> projects to ___ and ___ of thalamus -> to ____ and ______ cortex.

A

motor association.
basal ganglia.
VL and VA of thalamus.
primary motor cortex and motor association cortex.

34
Q

Oculomotor channel (for basal ganglia regulation of eye movement) is the loops from posterior parietal and _____ –> ______–>_____ relay nuclei –> to ___ eye fields and ___ eye fields of frontal lobes.

A

pre-frontal cortex.
basal ganglia.
thalamic relay nuclei.
frontal eye fields and supplementary eye fields of frontal lobes.

35
Q

Prefrontal channel is the loop from posterior parietal and pre-frontal cortex –> ___–> ______–> to ____ cortex.

A

basal ganglia.
thalamic relay nuclei.
to prefrontal cortex.

36
Q

Prefrontal channel is important for? be specific

A

Important in cognitive processes involving the frontal lobes: planning, working memory, attention and behaviour.

37
Q

Limbic channel is the loops from limbic cortex –> _____–> _____ nuclei–> outputs relay back to ____.

A

Basal ganglia.
Thalamic relay.
limbic cortex.

38
Q

Limbic channel is for?

A

Regulation of emotions and motivational drives

* likely key role in neuro-behavioural and psychiatric disorders*

39
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

  • involves?
  • loss of? results in?
  • what type of disorder is it?
A

involves a degeneration of dopamine-containing neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta.
-dopamine normally has a net excitatory effect on thalamus
- loss of dopamine leads to alterations in both direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia.
-Results in net decreased excitation of motor cortex –> diminished movement
This leads to Parkinson’s disease which is a HYPOKINETIC movement disorder.

40
Q

What are the 3 cardinal signs of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  1. resting tremors (“pill rolling”) - tremors subside when doing activities but are present at rest
  2. bradykinesia (generalized slowness in movements)
  3. muscle rigidity
41
Q

What are other features of Parkinson’s disease (not cardinal signs)? (12 total… name 6 at least)

A
  1. Hypokinesia- decreased amount of movement
  2. small handwriting (micrographia)
  3. Akinesia - lack of movement; difficulty initiating movement
  4. episodes of “freezing” during movement - during change of environment or change in direction of movement.
  5. masked face, lack of expression - could be due to lack of emotion (changes in limbic channel)
  6. reduced volume of speech
  7. postural instability
  8. Gait- decreased speed, shortened stride, shuffling feet, decreased or absent arm swing
  9. Festination: difficulty stopping gait once started (CoM forwards therefore hard to stop as trying to catch CoG)
  10. MSK changes: weakness, decreased muscle strength, joint contractures
  11. Cardiopulmonary dysfunction
  12. Swallowing difficulties
42
Q

What is Huntington’s disease? what type of disorder is it? causes?

A

Autosomal dominant hereditary disorder. it is a HYPERKINETIC movement disorder
-cause is atrophy of caudate and putamen (corpus stiatum) also association degeneration of cerebral cortex.

43
Q

Huntington’s disease results in?

A

reduced inhibition of thalamus and therefore, excessive OUTput from motor cortex.

44
Q

When does Huntington’s disease get expressed?

A

Expresses between 40-45 years old. (onset between 40-50) * numbers in notes*

45
Q

What are the clinical features of Huntington’s disease?

A
  1. initial clumsiness, decreased coordination
  2. generalized chorea
    -involuntary, jerky, rapid
    movements
    • tongue protrusion,
      facial grimacing
  3. personality changes
  4. depression, psychosis
  5. cognitive deficits,
    dementia

Neuromotor Function 1 (21 decks)

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