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Respiratory Module > Lecture 3 - Control Of Breathing > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Control Of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What nerve is active during exercise?

A

Phrenic nerve

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2
Q

What are muscles are active inspiration?

A

External intercostal muscles

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3
Q

How many litres are in normal ventilation?

A

5litres per minute

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4
Q

What is the maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)?

A

125-175 litres per minute

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5
Q

What is the fold increase from normal to MVV?

A

30 fold increase

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6
Q

What is a key organ in homeostasis?

A

Lung

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7
Q

What is the Normal range for arterial pH, PO2, PCO2?

A

Ph = 7.35-7.45, PO2 = 81-100mmHg, PCO2 = 35-45mmHg

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8
Q

What happens to the blood gases during ventilation?

A

They are still the same

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9
Q

What does it mean if you have disregulated blood gases?

A

There is a problem with acid-base balance which is life threatening

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10
Q

What is the barometric pressure at sea level?

A

700mmHg

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11
Q

When is diffusion of gas more efficient?

A

If it has a Thin membrane or if it is saturated

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12
Q

What is the % of partial pressure of the inspired air?

A

5-6%

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13
Q

What are chemoreceptors used for in breathing?

A

Chemical control of breathing

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14
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors used for?

A

A back up to central chemoreceptors to control breathing

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15
Q

What happens if you get dsyregulation of CO2 in the blood?

A

You get acid base changes

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16
Q

What type of system is the overall respiratory control system?

A

Negative feedback system

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17
Q

What are the central controllers in the respiratory system?

A

Pons, medulla and other parts of the brain

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18
Q

What are the effectors in the respiratory control system?

A

Respiratory muscles

19
Q

What are the sensors in the respiratory control system?

A

Chemoreceptors, lungs and other receptors

20
Q

Where is the rhythmic cycle of breathing derived from?

A

The medulla oblongata

21
Q

What are DRG? And what do they do?

A

Mainly inspiratory neurones, send signals to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

22
Q

What nerves bring input from the lungs to the DRG?

A

Vagus and glasophayrngeal nerves

23
Q

What do the VRG contain?

A

Contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurones

24
Q

What is the rhythmic rhythms generator modified by?

A

Sensory inputs

25
Q

Where does the VRG send its impulses?

A

Larynx, pharynx, diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

26
Q

What centres are found in the PONs?

A

Pneumoatix and apneustic centre

27
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors found?

A

On the medulla oblongata on the brain stem

28
Q

What can not readily cross the BBB?

A

H+ and HCO3-

29
Q

What does CSF stand for?

A

Cerebro spinal fluid

30
Q

What can diffuse through the BBB?

A

CO2

31
Q

What is in the CSF?

A

Central chemoreceptors

32
Q

What is the normal CSF ph?

A

7.32

33
Q

When is CSF formed?

A

As plasma is filtered from the blood through the epithelial cells

34
Q

What is the main important factor for central chemoreceptors?

A

CO2

35
Q

How are central chemoreceptors altered?

A

By change in temperature - cool the brain stem

36
Q

What does cooling the brain stem lead to?

A

Decrease in central chemoreceptors

37
Q

What happens if you increase bicarbonate?

A

Causes pH to change

38
Q

What happens if you decrease bicarbonate?

A

Causes CO2 to change

39
Q

What are Peripheral chemoreceptors found?

A

In carotid bodies (Carotid sinus) and aortic bodies (aortic arch)

40
Q

Why are peripheral chemoreceptors placed next to an artery?

A

Placed for surveillance for blood gases

41
Q

When do peripheral chemoreceptors respond?

A

To low levels of arterial oxygen

42
Q

When do peripheral chemoreceptors start to kick in?

A

Below 10% of oxygen in the air

43
Q

Why do Type 2 cells have stem like properties?

A

So they can replicate

Respiratory Module (10 decks)

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