Lecture 1

Question 1

What is a key organism for homeostasis?

Answer 1

Lungs

Question 2

What are the two types of respiration?

Answer 2

Cellular and breathing

Question 3

What are the two aspects of external respiration?

Answer 3

Respiration for life and for speech

Question 4

Why is coordination of speech important in respiration?

Answer 4

So that food doesn’t enter the trachea when you are breathing - there is a mechanisms that helps with this

Question 5

What are some organs in the upper respiratory system?

Answer 5

Pharynx, vocal cords, nasal cavity, tongue, larynx and oesophagus

Question 6

What could happen if the food goes down the wrong tube?

Answer 6

It can cause pneumonia and different types of pathology

Question 7

Define aspiration

Answer 7

Entry of the food into the lungs

Question 8

What is the air like in the upper respiratory system?

Answer 8

Warmed, humidified and filtered

Question 9

When is diffusion of gas more efficient?

Answer 9

As a saturated water phase

Question 10

What type of air flow is in the nose?

Answer 10

Turbulent air flow and also mucus production

Question 11

What does mucus do in the nose?

Answer 11

Traps virus particles

Question 12

What is the main system of airways called

Answer 12

Branching airways

Question 13

What are the components involved in the branching airways?

Answer 13

Trachea, bronchi, 2nd bronchi, bronchiole and alveoli

Question 14

What is the diameter of the trachea?

Answer 14

20mm

Question 15

What is the diameter of the alveoli?

Answer 15

0.3mm

Question 16

How many divisions are there between the trachea and alveoli?

Answer 16

24 divisions

Question 17

What is a type of airway epithelial cells?

Answer 17

Pseudo columnar epithelial cells

Question 18

What are found within the cilia?

Answer 18

Motor units

Question 19

What do the motor units do?

Answer 19

Repel mucus away from the lungs

Question 20

What happens when you inhale viruses?

Answer 20

Impacted into mucus and can get destroyed by chemicals produced by the epithelial

Question 21

On an electromicrograph what are the dots between the cilia?

Answer 21

Viruses

Question 22

What do globes cells not do in sars Cov2?

Answer 22

They don’t support the growth of a sars cov2

Question 23

What is the interferon response?

Answer 23

A way of killing the viruses

Question 24

As you get down the sites of gas exchange what decreases?

Answer 24

Diameter

Question 25

What is the main component for gas exchange?

Answer 25

The alveoli

Question 26

What are capillary beds fused with?

Answer 26

The alveoli

Question 27

What is good about the short distance between the alveoli and the circulation?

Answer 27

Sets up efficient diffusion for gases

Question 28

Where are elastin fibres found?

Answer 28

They surround the alveoli

Question 29

What do elastin fibres do?

Answer 29

Recoil pressure - they are stretched and then go back to its original form

Question 30

What do collagens do?

Answer 30

Stiffer, but light and has a small amount of gas exchange

Question 31

What are the two types of alveoli cells?

Answer 31

Type 1 and type 2

Question 32

Describe type 1

Answer 32

Very thin and enable gases to diffuse through

Question 33

Describe type 2

Answer 33

They are smaller than type 1 but are thicker and release surfactant

Question 34

What do type 2 alveoli release?

Answer 34

A phospholipid chemical that decreases surface tension

Question 35

What is a exosurf?

Answer 35

A protein mediated surfactant

Question 36

How much of the surface do capillaries cover?

Answer 36

80-90%

Question 37

What is fitted between elastins?

Answer 37

Connective tissue

Question 38

What does connective tissue do?

Answer 38

Allows lungs to recoil when stretched

Question 39

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 39

Enlargement of the airways

Question 40

How can bronchiectasis happen?

Answer 40

Chronic superlative (infection) spoils the anatomy of the lungs

Question 41

How is a diagnosis of bronchiectasis formed?

Answer 41

On a CT scan

Question 42

What is an example of airway obstruction?

Answer 42

Bronchiectasis

Question 43

What law is stated for how air get into the lungs?

Answer 43

Boyles law

Question 44

Increases volume = ? (Boyles law)

Answer 44

Pressure decreases

Question 45

Decrease volume = (Boyles law)?

Answer 45

Pressure increases

Question 46

What happens when lungs expand?

Answer 46

Volume increases and pressure decreases

Question 47

When does atmospheric pressure decrease?

Answer 47

When lungs expand

Question 48

What does expiration occur?

Answer 48

When the pressure in the lungs exceeds atmospheric pressure and the air flows out

Question 49

What type of process is expiration?

Answer 49

Passive

Question 50

What is the sealed unit that surrounds the lungs?

Answer 50

Pleural sac

Question 51

How are alterations of pressure mediated?

Answer 51

By the diaphragm

Question 52

What is the only muscle that works when you are sleeping?

Answer 52

The diaphragm

Question 53

What is sometimes recruited in expiration?

Answer 53

Abdominal muscles and intercostal muscles

Question 54

What is diaphragmatic paralysis?

Answer 54

When the diaphragm cannot compensate for the thoracic volume

Question 55

What is FEV1?

Answer 55

Force expected volume in 1 second

Question 56

What happens to the FEV1 when you have lung disease?

Answer 56

Reduces

Question 57

What is MVV?

Answer 57

Maximum voluntary ventilation

Question 58

What is FVC?

Answer 58

Forced vital capacity

Question 59

What does the drug ivacaftor do?

Answer 59

Increases FEV1 but also decreases the GI symptoms

Question 60

What does triple therapy do?

Answer 60

Increases FEV1 but also decreases the GI symptoms