Lecture 3 - chapter 3 - Hooyman

Question 1

-normal process of alternations over time in the body and its organ systems that eventually affect our functioning but do not necessarily result in disease or death (give both names)

Answer 1

senescence or Biological aging

Question 2

does senescence always result in disease or death

Answer 2

No

Question 3

Why does the text suggest aging and disease are linked in our minds?

Answer 3

because declines in organ capacity and our immune system make us more vulnerable to illness, such as dementia, arthritis, and heart attack etc..which therefor increase with age

Question 4

a more accurate conception of the aging process is the gradual accumulation of irreversible functional losses to which…

Answer 4

the average person adapts

Question 5

One way of understanding variations in biological aging is to…

Answer 5

examine the major theories to explain cellular and organ level alterations

Question 6

Most Biological theories of aging have 1 of 2 general orientations which include:

1. aging occurs…
2. aging is a result of…

Answer 6

1. aging occurs due to random genetic mutations

2. aging is a result of programmed senescence

Question 7

The four primary theories of biological aging are:
1. 
2. 
3.
4.
CWIF- what an awful acronym lol

Answer 7

The four primary theories of biological aging are:

1. cellular aging theory (CAT)
2. wear-and-tear theory (WTT)
3. immunological theory (IT)
4. free radical theory (FRT)

Question 8

According to the wear-and-tear theory cells continually wear out and cannot…
This is especially true in tissues located in the…

Answer 8

• repair damaged components within themselves.

- skeletal and heart muscles and throughout the nervous system

Question 9

Where are declines in functional ability greatest with age

Answer 9

throughout the nervous system,

Question 10

which theory states aging occurs as cells slow their number of replications

Answer 10

cellular aging theory (CAT)

Question 11

according to cellular aging theory, aging is a _________ process and the biological clock determines the …

Answer 11

preprogrammed, the biological clock determines the maximum lifespan and rate at which each organ system will deteriorate.

Question 12

according to CAT cells stop replicating after..

Answer 12

a fixed number of times/

Question 13

According to the IT theory aging is the…

Answer 13

function of the body’s immune system becoming defective

Question 14

A theory which may help explain AD, cardiovascular disease and inflammatory conditions which increase with age which originate from the immune system is the

Answer 14

Immunological theory

Question 15

The free radical theory or ___________ _______model states that the__________,___________ accumulation of __________ damage to cells, explains loss of ____________ __________ as we age. This occurs when an organism cannot easily…

Answer 15

Oxidative Stress Model states that the progressive, irreversible accumulation of oxidative damage to cells explains loss of physiological function as we age.

This occurs when an organism cannot easily detoxify or repair the damage cause by free radicals.

Question 16

How could the ingestion of anti-oxidants slow the aging process? Examples of anti oxidants?

Answer 16

anti oxidants would inhibit free-radical damage and thus delay loss of immune function.

ex: Vitamin E and C and beta carotene

Question 17

True or False: Research on growth hormones and caloric restriction suggests the aging process may one day be reversible

Answer 17

True -pg. 62

Question 18

True or False: Reducing the intake of carbohydrates, fat and protein is found to extend life in animals, BUT it leads to malnutrition

Answer 18

False, there is NO MALNUTRITION

Question 19

Total reduction in calories must be reduced by ___to___% and can increase lifespan by up to_____%

Answer 19

Total reduction in calories must be reduced by 30 to 50% and can increase lifespan by up to 50%

Question 20

extending the length of healthy and eliminating some diseases associated with aging

Answer 20

prolongevity

Question 21

a healthy life span refers to…

Answer 21

the number of years we spend in good health

Question 22

caloric restriction to extend life is most effective when started..

Answer 22

shortly after birth

Question 23

when reducing intake of calories to prolong life it is called?

a) reduction of caloric intake
b) caloric intake reductions
c) caloric reduction
d) ‘DIE’ting

Answer 23

c) caloric reduction

Question 24

Which study examined the effects of feeding monkeys 30% less than normal?
After ___ years the monkeys showed higher activity levels, lower______ __________, less __________ _____, and lower __________ &____________ levels.

Answer 24

-Baltimore Longitudinal Study

After 6 years the monkeys showed higher activity levels, lower Body Temperature , less Body Fat, and lower Glucose & insulin levels.

Question 25

the performance ability, and efficiency of the heart, lungs, kidneys and other organs

Answer 25

Functional Capacity

Question 26

The proportion of our body weight contributed by water generally ______ with age while the proportion of _____ increases.

Answer 26

declines, fat

Question 27

Age spots are...

Answer 27

melanin produced by the body to protect the skin from UV rays.

Question 28

The process of _______ replacement is slowed with age and the _______ ________ the ______ thins. These processes combined cause the skin to loose elasticity and fullness as we age.

Answer 28

The process of CELL replacement is slowed with age and the SECOND LAYER the 'DERMIS' thins. These processes combined cause the skin to loose elasticity and fullness as we age.

Question 29

Why might elders be more sensitive to hot and cold?

Answer 29

Circulation is reduced making it difficult to regulate their temperature

Question 30

Aspects of changes in hair as we age. Can we have relatively dark hair well into old age?

Answer 30

Finer, limp, loss of pigmentation. Yes we can still have dark hair into old age.

Question 31

We reach our maximum size, strength and stamina by age

Answer 31

25

Question 32

On average, maximum strength at age 80 is ___% of age 25. However those who remain physically fit can reduce this number substantially.

Answer 32

50%

Question 33

What causes the loss of height as we age? What is this called? Kyphosis

Answer 33

Loss of bone mineral density and muscle strength in trunk, arms, legs and spine becomes curved and disks in vertebrae become compacted

Question 34

The _______ ________ lets us know our position in space and is controlled by the...

Answer 34

Kinesthetic System controlled by the CNS

Question 35

Postural sway can occur when...

Answer 35

older persons lose both surface and visual cues and result in them being unable to stand up.

Question 36

``` The body systems are: SKIN BONES &MUSCLE BREATHE HEART TUMMY REPRODUCTIVE BUSINESS HORMONES BRAIN VISION ``` SINGER Mc G

Answer 36

``` Sensory Integumentary Neurological Gastrointestinal Endocrine Respiratory ``` Muskulskeletal cardiovascular Genitourinary SINGER MC G

Question 37

The percentage of people who describe their health as excellent declines with age however ___ still report their health as good of those over 75

Answer 37

2/3

Question 38

IADLS are

Answer 38

instrumental activities of daily living

Question 39

``` Changes in skin include: SKIN IS... REDUCED... DERMAL VESSELS ARE... _____ SYNTHESIS DECREASES ```

Answer 39

Skin is drier, thinner, wrinkled reduced elasticity dermal vessels are reduced collagen synthesis decreases

Question 40

Musculoskeletal system: changes with age include decreased body ____ and ___ ___ mass # & size of muscle ____ decreases Bone density and mass decreases

Answer 40

decreased BODY mass and SKELETAL MUSCLE mass # & size of muscle FIBERS decreases Bone density and mass decreases

Question 41

``` Respiratory changes include decreased chest... calcification of the _______ ______ arthritis in costovertebral decreased ____ ___ of lungs increased ____ obstruction reduced vitral ______ and increased ______ capacity ```

Answer 41

decreased chest EXPANSION calcification of the INTERCOSTAL CARTILAGE arthritis in costovertebral JOINTS decreased ELASTIC RECOIL of lungs increased AIRWAYS obstruction reduced vital CAPACITY and increased RESIDUAL capacity

Question 42

``` Cardiovascular changes: Heart changes Thickening of __________ _____ ____ increases slightly increased likelihood of ____ ________ ```

Answer 42

-Heart muscle replaced with fat, loss of elastic tissue and increase collagen -Thickening of ARTERIES BLOOD PRESSURE increases slightly increased likelihood of POSTURAL HYPOTENSION

Question 43

Gastrointestinal: Slight changes in decrease in stomach juices and ___ ___ decrease

Answer 43

Slight changes in TASTE BUDS decrease in CONTRACTION OF ESOPHAGUS MUSCLES stomach juices and INTESTINAL ENZYMES decrease

Question 44

``` Genitourinary: decline in ______ blood flow decrease in _____________ of urine Men- enlarged women- ```

Answer 44

decline in RENAL blood flow decrease in CONCENTRATION of urine Men- enlarged PROSTATE women- REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY LOST AT MENOPAUSE