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Social Gerontology > Lecture 3 - chapter 3 - Hooyman > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - chapter 3 - Hooyman Flashcards

1
Q

-normal process of alternations over time in the body and its organ systems that eventually affect our functioning but do not necessarily result in disease or death (give both names)

A

senescence or Biological aging

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2
Q

does senescence always result in disease or death

A

No

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3
Q

Why does the text suggest aging and disease are linked in our minds?

A

because declines in organ capacity and our immune system make us more vulnerable to illness, such as dementia, arthritis, and heart attack etc..which therefor increase with age

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4
Q

a more accurate conception of the aging process is the gradual accumulation of irreversible functional losses to which…

A

the average person adapts

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5
Q

One way of understanding variations in biological aging is to…

A

examine the major theories to explain cellular and organ level alterations

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6
Q

Most Biological theories of aging have 1 of 2 general orientations which include:

  1. aging occurs…
  2. aging is a result of…
A
  1. aging occurs due to random genetic mutations

2. aging is a result of programmed senescence

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7
Q 
The four primary theories of biological aging are:
1. 
2. 
3.
4.
CWIF- what an awful acronym lol
A

The four primary theories of biological aging are:

  1. cellular aging theory (CAT)
  2. wear-and-tear theory (WTT)
  3. immunological theory (IT)
  4. free radical theory (FRT)
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8
Q

According to the wear-and-tear theory cells continually wear out and cannot…
This is especially true in tissues located in the…

A
  • repair damaged components within themselves.

- skeletal and heart muscles and throughout the nervous system

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9
Q

Where are declines in functional ability greatest with age

A

throughout the nervous system,

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10
Q

which theory states aging occurs as cells slow their number of replications

A

cellular aging theory (CAT)

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11
Q

according to cellular aging theory, aging is a _________ process and the biological clock determines the …

A

preprogrammed, the biological clock determines the maximum lifespan and rate at which each organ system will deteriorate.

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12
Q

according to CAT cells stop replicating after..

A

a fixed number of times/

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13
Q

According to the IT theory aging is the…

A

function of the body’s immune system becoming defective

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14
Q

A theory which may help explain AD, cardiovascular disease and inflammatory conditions which increase with age which originate from the immune system is the

A

Immunological theory

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15
Q

The free radical theory or ___________ _______model states that the__________,___________ accumulation of __________ damage to cells, explains loss of ____________ __________ as we age. This occurs when an organism cannot easily…

A

Oxidative Stress Model states that the progressive, irreversible accumulation of oxidative damage to cells explains loss of physiological function as we age.

This occurs when an organism cannot easily detoxify or repair the damage cause by free radicals.

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16
Q

How could the ingestion of anti-oxidants slow the aging process? Examples of anti oxidants?

A

anti oxidants would inhibit free-radical damage and thus delay loss of immune function.

ex: Vitamin E and C and beta carotene

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17
Q

True or False: Research on growth hormones and caloric restriction suggests the aging process may one day be reversible

A

True -pg. 62

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18
Q

True or False: Reducing the intake of carbohydrates, fat and protein is found to extend life in animals, BUT it leads to malnutrition

A

False, there is NO MALNUTRITION

19
Q

Total reduction in calories must be reduced by ___to___% and can increase lifespan by up to_____%

A

Total reduction in calories must be reduced by 30 to 50% and can increase lifespan by up to 50%

20
Q

extending the length of healthy and eliminating some diseases associated with aging

A

prolongevity

21
Q

a healthy life span refers to…

A

the number of years we spend in good health

22
Q

caloric restriction to extend life is most effective when started..

A

shortly after birth

23
Q

when reducing intake of calories to prolong life it is called?

a) reduction of caloric intake
b) caloric intake reductions
c) caloric reduction
d) ‘DIE’ting

A

c) caloric reduction

24
Q

Which study examined the effects of feeding monkeys 30% less than normal?
After ___ years the monkeys showed higher activity levels, lower______ __________, less __________ _____, and lower __________ &____________ levels.

A

-Baltimore Longitudinal Study

After 6 years the monkeys showed higher activity levels, lower Body Temperature , less Body Fat, and lower Glucose & insulin levels.

25
Q

the performance ability, and efficiency of the heart, lungs, kidneys and other organs

A

Functional Capacity

26
Q

The proportion of our body weight contributed by water generally ______ with age while the proportion of _____ increases.

A

declines, fat

27
Q

Age spots are…

A

melanin produced by the body to protect the skin from UV rays.

28
Q

The process of _______ replacement is slowed with age and the _______ ________ the ______ thins. These processes combined cause the skin to loose elasticity and fullness as we age.

A

The process of CELL replacement is slowed with age and the SECOND LAYER the ‘DERMIS’ thins. These processes combined cause the skin to loose elasticity and fullness as we age.

29
Q

Why might elders be more sensitive to hot and cold?

A

Circulation is reduced making it difficult to regulate their temperature

30
Q

Aspects of changes in hair as we age. Can we have relatively dark hair well into old age?

A

Finer, limp, loss of pigmentation. Yes we can still have dark hair into old age.

31
Q

We reach our maximum size, strength and stamina by age

A

25

32
Q

On average, maximum strength at age 80 is ___% of age 25. However those who remain physically fit can reduce this number substantially.

A

50%

33
Q

What causes the loss of height as we age? What is this called? Kyphosis

A

Loss of bone mineral density and muscle strength in trunk, arms, legs and spine becomes curved and disks in vertebrae become compacted

34
Q

The _______ ________ lets us know our position in space and is controlled by the…

A

Kinesthetic System controlled by the CNS

35
Q

Postural sway can occur when…

A

older persons lose both surface and visual cues and result in them being unable to stand up.

36
Q 
The body systems are:
SKIN
BONES &MUSCLE
BREATHE
HEART
TUMMY
REPRODUCTIVE BUSINESS
HORMONES
BRAIN
VISION

SINGER Mc G

A 
Sensory
Integumentary
Neurological
Gastrointestinal
Endocrine
Respiratory

Muskulskeletal
cardiovascular

Genitourinary
SINGER MC G

37
Q

The percentage of people who describe their health as excellent declines with age however ___ still report their health as good of those over 75

A

2/3

38
Q

IADLS are

A

instrumental activities of daily living

39
Q 
Changes in skin include:
SKIN IS...
REDUCED...
DERMAL VESSELS ARE...
\_\_\_\_\_ SYNTHESIS DECREASES
A

Skin is drier, thinner, wrinkled
reduced elasticity
dermal vessels are reduced
collagen synthesis decreases

40
Q

Musculoskeletal system: changes with age include
decreased body ____ and ___ ___ mass
# & size of muscle ____ decreases
Bone density and mass decreases

A

decreased BODY mass and SKELETAL MUSCLE mass
# & size of muscle FIBERS decreases
Bone density and mass decreases

41
Q 
Respiratory changes include
decreased chest...
calcification of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_
arthritis in costovertebral
decreased \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_ of lungs
increased \_\_\_\_ obstruction
reduced vitral \_\_\_\_\_\_ and increased \_\_\_\_\_\_ capacity
A

decreased chest EXPANSION
calcification of the INTERCOSTAL CARTILAGE
arthritis in costovertebral JOINTS
decreased ELASTIC RECOIL of lungs
increased AIRWAYS obstruction
reduced vital CAPACITY and increased RESIDUAL capacity

42
Q 
Cardiovascular changes:
Heart changes
Thickening of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ increases slightly
increased likelihood of \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

-Heart muscle replaced with fat, loss of elastic tissue and increase collagen
-Thickening of ARTERIES
BLOOD PRESSURE increases slightly
increased likelihood of POSTURAL HYPOTENSION

43
Q

Gastrointestinal:
Slight changes in
decrease in
stomach juices and ___ ___ decrease

A

Slight changes in TASTE BUDS
decrease in CONTRACTION OF ESOPHAGUS MUSCLES
stomach juices and INTESTINAL ENZYMES decrease

44
Q 
Genitourinary:
decline in \_\_\_\_\_\_ blood flow
decrease in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of urine
Men- enlarged
women-
A

decline in RENAL blood flow
decrease in CONCENTRATION of urine
Men- enlarged PROSTATE
women- REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY LOST AT MENOPAUSE

Social Gerontology (6 decks)

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