Lecture 3/Chapter 11 Flashcards
1
Q
Underserved population
A
- certain groups at greater risk of poor physical, psychological, or social health
- underserved
- medically underserved
- medically disadvantaged
- underprivileged
- American underclasses
2
Q
population groups
A
- racial and ethnic minorities
- uninsured children
- women
- rural area
- residents
- homeless population
- mentally and chronically ill
- disabled
- HIV/AIDS
3
Q
vulnerability
A
- challenged populations
- predisposing conditions can make you vulnerable
- something inherent that you cant fix (ex. genetic disorders)
- enabling vulnerability - people surrounding you or the system
- need characteristics
4
Q
three vulnerable model characteristics
A
- comprehensive
- general
- covergence
5
Q
racial/ethnic minorities: asian americans
A
- in 2015, asians account for only 5.6% of the US population
- asian americans constitute one of the fastest growing US population segments
6
Q
racial/ethnic minorities: american indians and alaska natives
A
- incidence and prevalence of certain diseases in the AIAN population are a prime concern
- higher death rates from alcoholism, tuberculosis, diabetes, injuries, suicide, and homicide
- indian health care improvement act
- indian health service
7
Q
uninsured
A
- ethnic minorities are more likely than whites to lack health insurance -> bc of employment, poverty
- most of the uninsured population comprises young workers -> they are healthy
- uninsured persons are in poorer health than the general population
- ACA made progress in reducing the uninsured
- 11% of children are uninsured
- 46 million are uninsured
8
Q
children
A
- health insurance is a major determinant of access to and utilization of health care
- coverage rates vary across races and ethnicities
- unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death for children and adolescents
- asthma is a common childhood chronic disease
- depression has an impact on adolescent development
- childrens health has certain unique aspects -> developmental vulnerability and dependency (bones)
9
Q
children and the US health care system
A
- programs categorized into 3 sectors:
- personal medical and preventive services sector (primary and specialty care)
- population based community health services (immunization, abuse prevention, rehab, case management, referrals)
- health related support services (nutrition, rehab, family support)
10
Q
women
A
- office on womens health -> specific goals that span the spectrum of disease and disability
- women and the US health care system are at a disadvantage in obtaining employer based health insurance
- the leading provider of care in the nursing profession is women -> also in allopathic and osteopathic medicine, dentistry, optometry, and podiatry
- women in the US live 8 years longer than men, but suffer greater morbidity and have poorer health outcomes
- heart disease and stroke- account for a higher percentage of deaths among women than men at all stages of life: 42% of women with heart attack die within the year but only 24% of men do
- 38% of women have chronic conditions
11
Q
rural health
A
- national health service corps
- health professional shortage in areas
- health professions educational assistant act
- 3 types of HPSAs by geographic areas, population groups, and medical facilities
12
Q
rural health: medically underserved areas
A
- percentage of population below poverty income levels
- percentage of population 65 years of age and older
- infant mortality rates
- number of primary care practitioners per 1,000 population*
13
Q
migrant workers
A
- community and migrant health centers
- rural health clinics act
14
Q
rural health clinics act
A
- concern rural areas could not support a physician
- permitted PAs, NPs, and CNMs with rural clinics to practice without the direct supervision of a physician
- enabled rural health clinics to be reimbursed by medicare and medicaid
15
Q
homeless
A
- approximately 1 in 200 people become homeless in 2011
- adult population is 63% men and 37% women
- estimated 22.8% are children under age 18
- 35.8% are families with children
- 14% are veterans
- shortage of adequate low income housing
- barriers to health-> barrier to ambulatory (outpatient, transportation) services and high hospitalization rates
16
Q
mental health
A
- barriers to mental health care
- uninsured and mental health
- insured and mental health
- managed care (maintaining health and access at an affordable cost) and mental health
- mental health professionals
17
Q
chronically ill
A
- chronic diseases are the leading cause of death in the US
- results in limitations on daily life activities
- treatment accounts for 86% of US health costs
- disability:
- categorized as mental, physical, or social
- disability tests
18
Q
HIV/AIDS
A
- number of AIDS cases reported:
- increased between 1987 and 1993
- decreased between 1994 and 1999
- increased between 200 and 2004
- decreased since 2005
- HIV infection in rural communities
- HIV in children
- HIV in women
- Cost of HIV/AIDs
- HIV/AIDS- related issues:
- need for research
- public health concerns
- discrimination
- provider training
19
Q
AIDS and the US health care system
A
- AIDS is characterized by a gradual decline in physical, cognitive, and emotional function
- as HIV disease progresses, many people become disabled and rely on public entitlements
20
Q
summary
A
- challenges and barriers in accessing health care services for certain population groups
- health needs of these population groups vary
- gaps exist between population groups and the rest of the population
21
Q
recession
A
- 2000-2006
- people lost jobs and health insurance
- black population mortality rates increased
22
Q
smoking
A
- male are more likely to be smokers
- associated with many chronic and diseases
23
Q
underinsured
A
- catastrophic insurance- high deductible, insurance only kicks in after you spend $10,000
- not everything is covered (dental)
24
Q
uninsured/underinsured
A
- tend to be:
- less educated, poor
- working in part time jobs and/or employed by small firms
- younger 25-40
- medically uninsured are employed but not covered due to:
- employer doe snot offer health
- employee does not qualify, too few hours worked
- cant afford
- uncompensated care costs covered by medicaid, federal grants to nonprofit hospitals and charitable organizations
25
Q
children
A
- 30% covered under medicaid, 60% covered under private insurance
- up to to 20% of children have disabilities
- developmental vulnerability
- dependency
- new morbidities
26
Q
women and AIDS/HIV
A
-women have half of the HIV/AIDS cases
27
Q
women and depression
A
-women are more likely to be depressed than men
28
Q
women and alzheimers
A
-substantially greater risk for women to get alzheimers
29
Q
6 areas of for attention in substance abuse and mental health services for women
A
- physical and sexual abuse of women
- women as caregivers
- women with mental and addictive disorders
- women with HIV/AIDS
- sexually transmitted disease or tuberculosis
- older women
- women detained in the criminal justice system
30
Q
women and US health care system
A
- women are the principle users for health care system for themselves and as the family care coordinator
- work more part time jobs then men -> receiving lower wages -> higher risk to be uninsured -> more likely to be covered as dependents under their husbands plans
- women are twice as likely to be covered under medicaid because the program is linked to aid to families with dependent children (AFDC)
31
Q
reasons for barrier in health care in homelessness
A
- individual factors (competing needs, substance dependence, mental illness)
- system factors (availability, cost, convenience)
32
Q
managed care
A
- not overuse health care
- manage access and quality at a low cost
33
Q
mental health
A
1 in 4 have mental disorder in any given year
- industry plagued with disparities in availability and access
- hinges on financial status
- tear down the stigma, fear and the hopelessness
- medicaid is the single largest payer
- state had strong emphasis on inpatient care
- depression is the most common illness among primary care pateitns -> affect approx 14.8 million adults in the US
34
Q
psychiatrists
A
- physicians
- postgraduate training in mental health
- have power to prescribe prescriptions, and admit patients
35
Q
psychologist
A
- usually have doctoral degree, some masters
- interpret and change peoples behavior
- cannot issue prescriptions
- use psychotherapy and counseling
36
Q
risk factors of mental health
A
- history of depression
- family history
- stressful life events
- lack of social support
- history of anxiety
- postpartum period
- substance abuse
- medical comorbidity ** -> goes along with a physical sickness usually
- being single
- old age
- low socioeconomic status
- female gender
37
Q
children: developmental vulnerability
A
the rapid and cumulative physical and emotional changes that characterize childhood, and the potential impact that illness, injury, or disruptive family and social circumstances can have on a childs life course trajectory
38
Q
children: dependency
A
childrens circumstances that require adults to take responsibility for recognizing and responding to their health needs
39
Q
children: new morbidities
A
-drug, alcohol abuse, violence, emotional disorders, learning problems
