Lecture 11/Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning Objectives

A
  • Definition, scope, and role of the US health policy
  • principal features of US health policy
  • describe the legislative health policy process
  • identify critical health policy issues in the US
  • passage, implementation, and repeal of the ACA from a political perspective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

health policy introduction

A
  • government involvement in social welfare -> traced to almshouse and pesthouses
  • social programs created under the social security legislation in the 1940s
  • government has had success bringing about social change through health policy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

public policies

A
  • decision made in the legislative, executive, or judicial branches of government
  • direct actions, behaviors, or decisions of others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

health policy

A
  • aggregate of principles, stated or unstated
  • characterize distribution of resources, services, and political influences impacting the population
  • plan to promote better health
  • made by legislative, executive, and judicial branches
  • laws
  • affect how businesses function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

uses of policy

A
  • regulatory tools- laws and regulations, procedures, people need to conform to these laws
  • allocative tools- how do we distribute resources and money
  • affect stakeholders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

different forms of health policies

A
  • affect groups or classes of individuals

- physicians, the poor, the elderly, and children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

principal features of US health policy

A
  • government as subsidiary to the private sector
  • fragmented policies
  • incremental and piecemeal policies
  • interest groups as demanders of policy
  • pluralistic suppliers of policy
  • decentralized role of the states- a lot of health care is managed at a state level
  • impact of presidential leadership
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

politics of the ACA

A
  • obama stated everyone would have health insurance
  • ACA become reality following a unique set of political circumstances
  • speed with which the reform was pushed through the legislative process
  • general public was confused and not supportive about the legislation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

aspects of the US government and populace

A
  • relationship of the government to the private sector
  • distribution of authority and responsibility within a federal system of government
  • relationship between policy formulation and implementation
  • a pluralistic ideology as the basis of politics
  • incrementalism as the strategy for reform
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

comprising five components of policy cycle

A
    1. issue raising
    1. policy design
    1. public support building
    1. legislative decision making and policy support building
    1. legislative decision making and policy implementation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

congress has 3 important powers

A
  • power to enact laws
  • power to tax
  • power to spend (allocate resources)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

most influential house committees

A
  • ways and means committee
  • commerce committee
  • committee on appropriations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

most influential senate committees

A
  • committee on labor and human resources

- committee on finance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

legislative process

A
  • a bill is introduced in the house of representatives
  • if approved it is forwarded to the senate
  • sent to president after passing the house and senate
  • if signed it becomes a law
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

policy implementation

A
  • new law is forwarded to the appropriate agency of the executive branch -> multiple level interpret and implement legislation
  • proposed regulation published in the federal register -> hearing on how law is to be implemented
  • parties may adjourn to the courts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

implementation of the ACA

A
  • 12 states had decided to create state based health insurance exchanges
  • 5 states opted for a state based marketplace through the federal platform
  • 6 selected state partnership marketplaces
  • 28 states health insurance exchanges were created by the federal government
17
Q

critical policy issues

A
  • most health initiative focused on access, cost, and quality of care
  • access to care:
  • providers
  • integrated access
  • access and minorities
  • access in rural areas
  • access and low income
  • access and persons with HIV/AIDS
18
Q

critical policy issues: cost of care

A
  • increasing drug prices have drawn public attention
  • no government action taken to prevent price hiking
  • prices of prescription drugs may continue to rise
19
Q

critical policy issues: quality of care

A
  • research on quality
  • malpractice reform
  • 6 areas of quality improvement:
    1. safety
    1. effectiveness
    1. patient centeredness
    1. timeliness
    1. efficiency
    1. equity
20
Q

critical policy issues: role of research in policy development

A
  • documentation
  • analysis
  • prescription
21
Q

critical policy issues: future considerations in health policy

A
  • domestic health policy- initiative to expand and evaluate primary care delivery models
  • international health policy- government spending on global health initiative is stable
22
Q

summary

A
  • health policies are developed to serve the publics interests
  • interest group politics have an influence on policy
  • presidential leadership and party politics played a major role in the ACA passage
  • critical policy issues pertaining to access, cost, and quality remain unresolved
23
Q

social security act

A

provided pensions (money from federal government) for people to live on

  • 1965- amendment to social security act -> medicare and medicaid
  • people didnt have insurance because people werent working -> medicare and medicaid changes that
25
regulatory tools
- health policies may be used as regulatory tools - they call on government to prescribe and control the behavior of a particular target group by monitoring the group and imposing sanction if it fails to comply
26
allocative tools
- health policies may be used as allocative tools - they involve the direct provision of income, services, or good to certain groups of individuals or institutions - distributive policies include: - funding of medical research through the national institute of health - the development of medical personnel - the construction of facilities - initiation of new institutions - redistributive policies: - creates visible beneficiaries and payers - take money or power form one group and gives it to another
27
private sector dominant role
- private sector dominant role - government spending on health care fills the private sector gaps - intervention includes: - environmental protection - preventative services - communicable disease control - care of special groups - institutional care of mentally and chronically ill - medical care to the indigent - support for research and training
28
pluralistic and interest group politics
- US health policy outcomes result from compromises to satisfy demands - the first two communities supply policies demanded by the third - legislative and executive respond to demands of the private interest groups - the policy community has included: - legislative committees - executive branch - private interest group
29
interest groups demand power
- well organized interest groups are the most effective demanders of policies - ex. american medical association, american association of retired persons, american hospital association, pharmaceutical research and manufacturers of america - to overcome pluralistic interests and maximize policy outcomes, diverse interest groups form alliances with legislators
30
impact of presidential leadership
- Lyndon B Johnson passed Medicare and Medicaid - harry Truman passed the hill-burton hospital construction act - Richard Nixon passes the federal support of health maintenance organizations in 1973 (HMO) and the enactment of the national health planning and resources development act of 1974 (CON) - Barack Obama- ACA of 2010
31
incrementalism
- there are multiple phases to the policy | - first phase might collect taxes for the next phase