Lecture 3 (Biology & psychology in the 19th century)

Question 1

how did lamarck state that animals develop

Answer 1

complexifying force = striving for better organisation

adapting force = change according to circumstance

Question 2

what did darwin realise while touring the world

Answer 2

more animals are born than can be sustained

there’s a perceptual struggle between individuals for resources

Question 3

how do organisms differ according to darwin and Wallace

Answer 3

inheritance and random change in environment / resources available

Question 4

what is ethology

Answer 4

the expression of emotions in both man and animals

Question 5

what were tinbergen’s 4 questions about behaviour

Answer 5

function - how does this increase the animal’s fitness

evolution - how did this behaviour come about

causation - what provokes this behaviour

development - how does this behaviour change over the creature’s life

Question 6

what did lorenz find about geese

Answer 6

they imprint on the first moving thing they see

Question 7

what did von frisch find about bees

Answer 7

they communicate to other bees using a waggle dance

Question 8

what other aspect of humans did darwin attribute natural selection to

Answer 8

language

Question 9

what may make particular animals more likely to reproduce

Answer 9

libido, colour, aggression, longevity

Question 10

what are the two types of sexual selection

Answer 10

inter-sexual selection (competition between sexes)

intra-sexual selection (competition within sexes)

Question 11

what was found about facial expressions

Answer 11

they are universal and innate, not cultural and learned

Question 12

what phrase did galton coin

Answer 12

nature vs nurture

Question 13

what did james focus on

Answer 13

function, not contents, of consciousness

Question 14

what did galton conclude about bodily and mental characteristics

Answer 14

they were largely inherited

Question 15

what mathematical relationships did galton find between parents and kids

Answer 15

correlated heights of parents and children

Question 16

what does freud’s psychodynamic theory consist of

Answer 16

defence mechanisms

psychosexual development

personality theory

Question 17

what were freud’s 3 levels of consciousness

Answer 17

conscious, preconscious, subconscious

Question 18

what were freud’s 2 basic drives

Answer 18

eros, thanatos

Question 19

what did freud state that personality was comprised of

Answer 19

superego, ego, id

Question 20

what were freud’s 5 psychosexual stages

Answer 20

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 21

what happens if state-dependent needs aren’t met according to freud

Answer 21

the child could become fixated on a specific stage

Question 22

what is the oedipus complex

Answer 22

boys sexually attracted to mother

jealous of father

boys develop castration anxiety

Question 23

what is the electra complex

Answer 23

girls sexually attracted to father

jealous of mother

girls develop penis envy

Question 24

what is a freudian slip

Answer 24

saying one thing when you meant to say another

Question 25

what is the aim of psychoanalysis

Answer 25

to release the force of unconscious conflicts by making them conscious (abreaction)

Question 26

how can abreaction occur

Answer 26

slips of the tongue

free association

dream analysis

Question 27

why are freud’s studies problematic

Answer 27

they are not falsifiable, full of unsubstantiated assertions, case studies, and unpublished evidence