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Microbiology 131 > Lecture 3 - Bacterial Morphology > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Bacterial Morphology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacillus shape is _____

A

rod shaped

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2
Q

coccus is

A

spherical

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3
Q

Spiral forms? (2)

A

spirilla & spirochete (spirochete more tightly coiled)

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4
Q

How is structure of bacteria determined?

A

The osmotic pressure affects the way cell wall is synthesized bc cell wall responsible for prevent lysis (concentrated cytoplasm)

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5
Q

What would allow a bacterial species to not have a peptidoglycan cell wall?

A

If in an isotonic environment

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6
Q

What is the best way to prev the growth or kill bacteria?

A

create drugs/toxins that exploit cell wall synthesis

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7
Q

What does the lipopolysaccharide do?

A

protect against THREATS

  • immune system
  • antibiotics
  • toxins
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8
Q

Common features of eubacterial cells include: (4)

A
  • viscous cytoplasm (concentrated)
  • circular chromosome in nucleoid
  • Cell wall of peptidoglycan
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9
Q

What makes up most of the bacterial composition during balanced exponential growth?

A

lots of proteins and lots of RNA (all three types)

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10
Q

What is the difference between the bacterial envelopes of gram neg and gram positive?

A

gram negative have two membranes and a peptidoglycan cell wall (thin)
gram positive have one membrane and multilayer peptidoglycan

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11
Q

What is the s layer and when is it needed?

A

It is needed in hostile environments and protects against phagocytosis

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12
Q

What parts of the phosphoglyceride can be changed depending on the environment?

A
  • the attachment of other molecules to phosphoryl head group
  • the fatty acid chain eg cold temp may lead to bact with more cis unsaturated bonds to create kinks that increase fluidity.
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13
Q

What things affect cell membrane fluidity ?

A
  • temperature
  • cholesterol
  • saturation
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14
Q

What can easily passively transport ?

A

small uncharged hydrophobic molecules or water due to osmosis

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15
Q

What diffuses slowly across membranes?

A

large charged polar molecules

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16
Q

What can cross membranes when not ionized?

A

-weak acids and bases

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17
Q

If want passive diffusion of hydrophilic solutes across membrane need?

A

Desolvation, so using transport can decrease energy needed to cross membrane

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18
Q

Active vs passive transport concentration gradient?

A

active is against, passive is with

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19
Q

What can bacteria synthesize but humans can not?

A

vitamins

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20
Q

What is ABC transporter?

A

An ATP binding cassette transporter - ATP binds onto transporter so solute can go through, not the actual hydrolysis of ATP.

21
Q

What does the bacterial cell wall consist of? (go beyond peptidoglycan)

A

Polymer of alternating N-acetylglucosamine & N -acetylmuramic acid sugars

22
Q

What subunit of peptidoglycan contains 4-6 peptide residues?

A

N-acetylmuramic acid

23
Q

What linkage is peptidoglycan?

A

1,4 Beta linkage

24
Q

What makes 1,4 Beta linkage good?

A

protects against hydrolysis

25
Q

What does cross link between polymer chains help with?

A

Strength & shape

26
Q

What do most drugs attack specifically about peptidoglycan?

A

the cross link between M-M

27
Q

Why does the cross link of muramic acids have D-aa?

A

to avoid protease recognition

28
Q

What helps keep cell wall rigid and withstand turgor pressure?

A

sacculus

29
Q

What is the difference between a persistent and resistant bacteria?

A

A persistent bacteria - does not grow, so unaffected by a drug while a resistant bacteria - is unaffected by a drug

30
Q

Why bacteria blow up at center?

A

bc septum is where peptidoglycan break down and new one form for the dividing bacteria

31
Q

Negative gram bacteria have outer cell walls that are ____ & is another ____ to overcome

A

toxic and barrier

32
Q

What is the difference between endotoxin and exotoxin?

A

Exotoxin is toxin a bacteria can release when its alive and endotoxin is something it releases after it dies eg septic shock from overwhelmed immune sys

33
Q

What is example of endotoxin?

A

LPS

34
Q

What part of the LPS do toll like receptors recognize?

A

Lipid A

35
Q

What connects outer to inner?

A

murein lipoprotein

36
Q

What is unique about O antigens?

A

they are highly variable

37
Q

Why useful O antigen highly variable? What else can they do?

A

avoid immune detection & protect against detergents

38
Q

Secondary active transport usually involves what integral protein?

A

Symporter eg free energy from ion down its concentration gradient

39
Q

What do detergents do to compromise cell membranes?

A

dissolve membrane by forming micelle around lipids and integral proteins (hydrophobic parts)

40
Q

O antigens helps prev dissolve lipid by protect against detergent, so what does Lipid A do?

A

Lipid A helps protect against hydrophilic

41
Q

What do you need if you want big, charge things into cell? What does this mean for how organism can be exploited?

A

transport ; certain threats to the bacteria can recognize the bacteria by the specific receptor they express eg. LamB maltose & viral recognition.

42
Q

What beta barrel protein helps mediate export of Ab and toxins?

A

Beta barrel protein TolC

43
Q

What does the gram positive cell envelope have? What two envelope characteristics do gram - bact also have?

A

capsule, S-layer, teichoic acids ; capsule & S-layer

44
Q

What envelope layer has pores, hard to detect even by gene seq, and have several arrangements?

A

S-layer

45
Q

What is teichoic acid that bind to peptidoglycan ?

A

wall teichoics acids.

46
Q

Teichoic acid attached to lipid membrane?

A

lipoteichoic acid

47
Q

What species has a very unique cell envelope?

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

48
Q

What are the consequences of large/unique cell env of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis?

A
  • slow growth bc can’t bring all the resources necessary in as quickly
  • less permeability to drugs

Microbiology 131 (8 decks)

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