Lecture 1 - Intro to Microbes Flashcards
What is a microorganism?
any “living” organism that requires microscopy to be studied or observed.
What microorganisms are considered microbes?
eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses
Who built first compound microscope?
Robert Hooke
What else did Robert Hooke do?
Wrote Micrographia (manuscript with illustrated micro-objects) and coined the term “cell”.
Who is considered the father of microbiology?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What else did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek do?
he was first to observe and describe single celled organisms bc he was able to build first
single lens microscope with high magnification power complete with handheld accessibility, sample holder, and focus adjustment.
How have microorganisms influenced human history?
- use bacteria/yeasts to ferment food and beverages
- use lithotrophic (rock-eating) bacteria to extract metals from mineral ores bc of the sulfuric acid they release.
What are three ways Ammonium is produced?
- dead animals
- Bacteria symbionts of legumes (soil bacteria)
- Industrial fixation (commercial fertilizers)
Who first to study bacteria in natural habitats?
Sergei Winogradsky
What else has Winogradsky done?
- Discover lithotrophs
- Recapitulate (repeat an evolutionary or other process during development and growth) wetland ecosystems
via Winogradsky column - Created enrichment cultures
What caused bubonic plague?
Yersinia pestis
What was Black Plague transferred by?
Fleas that bit rodents
What caused tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What is the diseases of the 20th century?
Influenza (FLU) ; HIV (AIDS)
What is immunization?
Stim. protective immune response by inoculating with attenuated or inactive pathogen.
Who introduced the practice of smallpox inoculation in Europe in 1717
Lady Mary Montagu
What did Edward Jenner do?
inoculate people with cowpox to prevent smallpox and termed it VACCINATION
Who suggested that doctors wash their hands with chlorinated lime to prevent puerperal fever?
Ignaz Semmelweis
What is the difference between antibiotic and antiseptic?
antibiotic- targets specific pathway so might only kill microbe with that specific pathway
antiseptic - kills or inhibits the growth of a lot of different microbes
Who developed carbolic acid to treat wounds and clean surgical instruments? and allowed for aseptic surgery?
Joseph Lister(ine) LMAO
Who was the founder of the scientific method of microbiology?
Robert Koch
What has Robert Koch develop?
- pure culture techniques
- petri dishes
- agar
What is Koch’s Postulates?
Criteria to establish link between disease and infectious agent
What are Koch’s Postulates?
- Microbe always present in diseased host, but absent in healthy
- Microbe must be extractable from diseased individual
- Health -> ill if microbe introduced
- Can re-isolate microbe from inoculated individual
What is not necessarily true about microbe being absent in health individuals?
- the microbe can still be present in healthy individual, but masked by the immune system or just not in the right location to induce the disease.
Who discovered penicillium mold generated a material that kill bact?
Alexander Fleming
Which two people isolated penicillin?
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
What is penicillin?
antibiotic
How does penicillin kill bacteria?
-prevent cell wall synth
How is antibiotic resistance already present?
- antibiotic made from other microbe that kill other bacteria, so must have its own resistance to it
- abi in the waste/water areas
What is spontaneous generation?
theory that living creatures from come non-living matter
What is the equivocal generation?
organisms arose from dissimilar organisms eg cate to butterfly
What were two pieces of evidence that disproved spontaneous generation?
Redi- showed that maggot came from flies
Spallanzani- sealed flash of meat broth sterilized failed to grow microbes.
What did Louis Pasteur do to prove that all cells come from pre-existing cells?
He created a swan neck that was open to air, but S curve prev microbe/dust enter so show that cell present in air had to travel to broth in order to spawn more cells.
Who came up with Monera and the third kingdom of life Protista?
Ernst Haeckel
What is monera?
phylum for bacteria
Who divided the Protist kingdom into two groups?
Herbert Copeland
What two groups were the Protist divided into?
- Eukaryotic Protists (protozoa and algae)
- Prokaryotes
Who separated fungi from the plants as a fifth kingdom
Robert Whittaker
Who proposed endosymbiosis?
Lynn Margulis
What is endosymbiosis?
Protoeuk consume prokaryote
What prokaryotes rise chloroplast?
cyanobacteria
What prok rise mito?
proteobacteria
Who discovered archaebacteria?
Carl R Woese
How was archaebacteria concluded as being distinct from bacteria?
16S rRNA seq comparisons
What are considered Euk?
protozoa, animals, fungi, plants, algae
What is considered Prok?
bacteria and archaea
How did people discover how to manipulate DNA?
from bacteria and bacteriophages
What are the three main DNA manipulations/molecular genetics?
- Molecular(DNA) cloning via restriction endonuclease and recombinant DNA in plasmids
- DNA amplification via heat stable DNA polymerase (PCR)
- Site specific genome editing in euk cells via CRISPR-CAS
